• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.603-608
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• 1997

To improve animal production, a simple and accurate pregnancy diagnosis plays a very important role. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop an on-farm blood progesterone enzyme immunoassay (EIA) system for monitoring the early pregnancy in sows. Star tubes coated with mouse monoclonal anti-progesterone antibody were used for this proposed EIA system which was tested in field trials. The results could be obtained within 30 minutes either by spectrophotometry or the naked eye. Heparinized fresh blood samples collected from the ear vein of sows 17-22 days after breeding (day 0) were tested qualitatively to diagnose sows as pregnant or non-pregnant with high ( > 3 ng/ml) or low ($${{\leq_-}}3ng/ml$$) progesterone in the blood. To provided a double check data, plasma progesterone levels were also measured quantitatively by the same EIA system with some modification. Total agreement of diagnosis by the on-farm EIA kit and by farrowing or abortion from 128 tested sows was found to be 92.2% accuracy (93.1% on pregnant diagnosis and 83.3% on non-pregnant diagnosis). It was concluded that the on-farm EIA blood progesterone test is a very useful method for monitoring the early pregnancy status of sows.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.213-221
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• 1990

This study was conducted to find out the changes of progesterone and estrone sulphate concentration in serum of Korean native goats throughout gestation, and to apply the serum levels of the hormones to pregnancy diagnosis. Serum concentration of progesterone and estrone sulphate were assayed by radioimmunoassay. Serum progesterone concentration was similar to its luteal phase values during early pregnancy and remained at the high level continually at 20∼140days and decreased rapidly at the day of parturition. Serum estrone sulphate concentration showed to increase markedly at 40∼50dyas gestation and steadily increased to the maximum of 7.13ng/ml at 140days, but declined sharply at the day of parturition. The accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis by the measurement of serum progesterone at 20∼24days after mating was 85.7∼92.3% and that of non-pregnancy diagnosis was 100%, when the serum progesterone levels higher and lower than 3.0ng/ml were supposed to indicate pregnancy and non-pregnancy, respectively. The accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis by the mearsurement of serum estrone sulphate was found to be nearly 100% since 50days after mating, when the serum levels of estrone sulphate higher then 0.5ng/ml were diagnosed to be pregnant. The optimal sampling time for pregnancy diagnosis was considered to be at 50 days after mating or to be later. It appears that estrone sulphate values above 7.0ng/ml at any time in gestation are highly indicative of twin. But there was found no significant difference(P<0.05) in serum estrone sulphate concentration and number of kids between does with single and twin kids.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.157-163
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• 1989

This stduy was carried out to evaluate the ability of clinical application of pregnancy diagnosis based upon the determination of progesterone in serum, utilizing EIA-kit of progesterone concentrations in the serum were assayed by radioimmunoassay. 1. The progesterone concentrations of the pregnant cows(2.40$\pm$0.34ng/ml) were significantly higher than those of non-pregnant cows(1.03$\pm$0.09ng/ml), and thereafter began to increase and maintained high levels. 2. During 20 to 22 days after artificial insemination, the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis from EIA-kit of progesterone were 95.0% for non-pregnant cows, and 92.3% for pregnant cows. 3. During 20 to 22 days after artificial insemination, the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis from serum progesterone concentrations were 100% for non-pregnant cows(<1.4ng/ml), and 96.2% for pregnant cows( 2.0ng/ml). The average overall accuracy of prediction for pregnant and non-pregnant cows were 98.1%. 4. Accordingly, the pregnancy diagnosis from EIA-kit of progesterone is thought to be recommendable because this early diagnostic means are simple with accurate results.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.81-81
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• 2002

The deer was inseminated at the breeding season, which only shows appearance of the estrus cycles. Early diagnosis of pregnancy is very useful to select non-pregnant does and also very important to decide re-inseminations or mating for producing of calves. Therefore, for the development of techniques on the early diagnosis of pregnancy of deer, the results of this study were summarized as following. (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 1997

Ultrasonographic diagnosis of genital disease and early pregnancy diagnosis was performed in Korean native cattle. The size of ovarian follicle in preovulation, luteal stage and follicular cyst was 18.9, 9.2 and 27.6 mm, respectively, and the thickness of follicular wall was 2.3, 1.8 and 2.8 mm, respectively. The size of corpus luteums in formation stage, activity stage, regression stage, cystic corpora lutea and luteal cyst was 6.2, 11.3, 8.6, 26.7 and 25.9 mm, respectively. The thickness of luteal wall in cystic corpora lutea and luteal cyst was 8.4 and 4.9 mm, respectively. The size of embryo or fetus on day 25, 27, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 was 0.8, 0.9, 1.3, 1.5, 2.2, 2.8 and 3.8 cm, respectively. The size of amniotic vesicle on day 25, 27 and 30 was 1.2, 2.1 and 3,0 cm, respectively. The diameter of pregnant uterus on day 25 and 27 was 7.0 and 7.8 cm, respectively. It was concluded that the ultrasonographci values determined in this study can be used as references for the treatment of genital disease and early pregnancy diagnosis in Korean native cattle.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.165-173
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• 1990

A simple and sensitive microplate enzyme immunoassay(ELISA) was developed for progesterone, based on progesterone monoclonal antibody as anti-progesterone, horseradish peroxise(HRP) as enzyme-label and tetramethylbenzidine(TMB) as substrate. The assay has a sensitivity of 5pg-120pg/well and intra- and inter assay coefficients of variation for progesterone standard curve(0.1ng-3.2ng/ml) were ranged 4.4-10.6% and 5.-12.6%, respectively. They assay is performed in less than two hours and provide reliable values to differentiate among samples from day 0(A.I.), day 14 and day 19. The discriminatory levels for early pregnancy diagnosis are [>10ng(day 19) & decreasing rate <1.5 : pregnancy] and [ 7ng & decreasing rate 1.5 : non-pregnancy]. The accuracy of the pregnancy diagnosis for cows classified as positive(pregnancy) and negative(non-pregnancy) were 96% and 100%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.446-451
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• 2019

This study investigated the application of artificial insemination and pregnancy diagnosis kit for Korean native black goats. Semen was collected by electrical ejaculation, followed by semen analysis and artificial insemination in three goat strains (Dangjin, Jangsu and Tongyoung). Pregnancy was confirmed using a cow pregnancy test kit (IDEXX Rapid Visual Pregnancy Test kit) and ultrasound diagnosis. Analysis revealed that semen collected from male Korean native black goats by electrical ejaculation was about 1~1.5 ml in volume, $18{\sim}25{\times}10^8/ml$ concentration, and having > 97% motility. Furthermore, confirmation of pregnancy by pregnancy test kit and ultrasound diagnosis after artificial insemination were similar. In addition, the efficiency of pregnancy was 20~40% for all three strains: Tongyoung was the highest with 44%, followed by Dangjin (%), and Jangsu (20%). This study determines the artificial fertilization efficiency and the feasibility of using a cow pregnancy test kit for early pregnancy diagnosis in Korean native black goats. Although further research is required for validation, the results of the current study contribute to the breeding and improvement of Korean native black goat in research institutions as well as in general farms.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.529-534
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• 1991

Plasma progesterone concentrations were measured from 97 Che-ju native mares throughout the estrous cycle, Day 20 to 23, 5 to7 months of pregnancy, and gestation period (<1 to 7 months) using the radioimmunoassay techniques for pregnancy diagnosis. Plasma progesterone concentrations during the estrous cycle were the lowest (<1.0ng/ml) at estrus, remained high from 9 to 18 days (3.7~7.6ng/ml) and drastically decreased thereafter to reach minimal concentrations at the next estrus. Plasma progesterone concentrations at Day 21 to 24 were a significantly different between in pregnant mares (>5.7ng/ml) and in non-pregnant mares (<1.0ng/ml). The accuracy of the pregnancy diagnosis based on plasma progesterone concentrations at Day 20 to 23 was 86.7% for positive and 100% for negative, whereas on 5 to 7 months was 66.7% for positive and 71.0% for negative, respectively. Plasma progesterone concentrations during the gestation period(1 to 7 months) increased after 1 month of pregnancy, with peak concentrations(>8.0ng/ml) occurring between 60 to 100 days of pregnancy, and decreased below 1.7ng/ml after 6 months of pregnancy.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.274-292
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• 2006

${\ulcorner}$Diagnosis and Treatment of pregnancy in Synopsis of Golden Chamber${\lrcorner}$ stated about pregnancy nausea, stomachache, discharging blood, urine disadvantage, note and quickening uncertainty that appear during pregnancy. When diagnose pregnancy, taking a serious view pulse(脈診). If Soyakmaek(小弱服) appears in Cheokmaek(尺脈), diagnose by pregnancy. Pregnancy nausea is reaction that often appear in pregnancy beginning. Light symptoms are treated naturally even if do not treat, heavy symptoms should treat certainly because can arrive for inheritance influencing to embryo. If spleen and stomach cause lack of Youngwi(營衛) harmorny losing function, used Gyejitang (桂技揚) Because spleen course stomach is weak, so, because there are been a lot of cold liquids, if vomiting catches continuously, used Geonganginsambanhahwan(乾薑附子半夏九). When treat pregnancy stomachache because Yang(陽) is weak, it is cold and make to be warm by Bujatang(附子楊) in case have a stomachache. Because Chungimmaek(衝任脈) weak and cold, use Gyoaetang(膠艾揚) in case there are stomachache and bleeding. Because liver and spleen do not harmonize, use Dangguijakyaksan(當歸芍藥散) if stomachache and vertigo occur. ect. There is no contents that foster embryo, but I am thought by something affected greatly at future generations.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2021

A pregnancy diagnosis is an important standard for control of livestock's reproduction in paricular dairy cattle. High reproductive performance in dairy animals is a essential condition to realize of high life-time production. Pregnancy diagnosis is crucial to shortening the calving interval by enabling the farmer to identify open animals so as to treat or re-breed them at the earliest opportunity. MicroRNAs are short RNA molecules which are critically involved in regulating gene expression during both health and disease. This study is sought to establish the feasible of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers of early pregnancy in cattle. We applied Illumina small-RNA sequencing to profile miRNAs in plasma samples collected from 12 non-pregnant cows ("open" cows: samples were collected before insemination (non-pregnant state) and after pregnancy check at the indicated time points) on weeks 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16. Using small RNA sequencing we identified a total of 115 miRNAs that were differentially expressed weeks 16 relative to non-pregnancy ("open" cows). Weeks 8, 12 and 16 of pregnancy commonly showed a distinct increase in circulating levels of miR-221 and miR-320a. Through genome-wide analyses we have successfully profiled plasma miRNA populations associated with pregnancy in cattle. Their application in the field of reproductive biology has opened up opportunities for research communities to look for pregnancy biomarker molecules in dairy cattle.