• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.204-213
• /
• 2019

Background In implant-based breast reconstruction, acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is essential for supporting the inferolateral pole. Recent studies have compared non-sterilized freeze-dried ADM and sterilized pre-hydrated ADM, but have not assessed whether differences were attributable to factors related to sterile processing or packaging. This study was conducted to compare the clinical outcomes of breast reconstruction using two types of sterile-processed ADMs. Methods Through a retrospective chart review, we analyzed 77 consecutive patients (85 breasts) who underwent tissue expander/implant breast reconstruction with either freeze-dried ADM (35 breasts) or pre-hydrated ADM (50 breasts) from March 2016 to February 2018. Demographic variables, postoperative outcomes, and operative parameters were compared between freeze-dried and pre-hydrated ADM. Biopsy specimens were obtained for histologic analysis. Results We obtained results after adjusting for variables found to be significant in univariate analyses. The total complication rate for freeze-dried and pre-hydrated ADMs was 25.7% and 22.0%, respectively. Skin necrosis was significantly more frequent in the freeze-dried group than in the pre-hydrated group (8.6% vs. 4.0%, P=0.038). All other complications and operative parameters showed no significant differences. In the histologic analysis, collagen density, inflammation, and vascularity were higher in the pre-hydrated ADM group (P=0.042, P=0.006, P=0.005, respectively). Conclusions There are limited data comparing the outcomes of tissue expander/implant breast reconstruction using two types of sterile-processed ADMs. In this study, we found that using pre-hydrated ADM resulted in less skin necrosis and better integration into host tissue. Pre-hydrated ADM may therefore be preferable to freeze-dried ADM in terms of convenience and safety.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.37-45
• /
• 2022

Objectives The purpose of this study was to reveal that Sasang constitution(SC) was associated with hypertension and pre-hypertension and could be a risk factor. Methods We introduced this study to educational personnel in D university in Daejeon, and 275 subjects joined this study. The SC classification was conducted with KS 15 questionnaire. The subjected measured the blood pressure with Jawon medical device automatically after 10 minute rest. The hypertension and pre-hypertension was classified by the guide of the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The frequency analysis and T-test was used in general characteristics, and chi-square test was also used between SC and pre-hypertension and hypertension. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for pre-hypertension and hypertension. Results The number of Taeeumin(TE), Soeumin(SE), and Soyangin(SY) was 142, 71, and 61 respectively. There was significantly different in systolic and diastolic blood pressure among SC types(p<.001). The distribution of the normal group, pre-hypertension and hypertension group by SC types was significantly different (p<.001). The ORs of TE was significantly increased (ORs 4.039, 95% CI=2.019-8.082 in pre-hypertension and ORs 4.235, 95% CI=1.581-11.348 in hypertension) compared with SE(p<.001), and after adjusting gender and smoking habit, it was still significantly different(p<.001). Conclusions It is possible that SC, especially TE could be a risk factor both pre-hypertension and hypertension.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.210-217
• /
• 2024

This study aimed to compare the quality of smoked fish products processed with liquid smoke with and without pre-cooking when stored at room temperature (25℃) for 0, 2, 4, and 6 days. The observations included moisture content, water holding capacity, color, and total plate and mold counts. The treated samples were also analyzed for polyhydroxyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at day 0. The study found that the pre-cooked products had a lower moisture content (55.1%) than the control (59.9%) during storage. Additionally, the pre-cooked product had a higher water holding capacity than the control. The TPC value indicates that the pre-cooked product meets the Indonesian standard for smoked fish up to the 2nd day of storage, whereas the control product only meets the standard on day 0. However, the total mold of the control products meets the Indonesian standard until the 2nd day of storage, while the pre-cooked products only meet the standard on day 0. The pre-cooked product had a higher lightness value (L^*) than the control. The analysis of polyhydroxy aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) showed that the pre-cooking process did not affect the concentration of PAH.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.63-89
• /
• 2018

In this study, the researcher developed a course integrated mathematical problem posing activities in order to enhance pre-service mathematics teachers' ability to carry out problem posing activities in mathematics classroom, and examined the changes of pre-service mathematics teachers' perceptions about problem posing through the course. The problem posing course developed in this study consisted of three stages: education on the theories regarding problem posing; activities with problem posing; development and implementation of problem posing tasks. According to the results of the questionnaires, interviews, and class journals data analysis, the problem posing experiences provided in this study were very effective in improving pre-service mathematics teachers' understanding of the problem posing strategies and the benefit of problem posing activities to student learning. Particularly, the experience in various problem posing activities and the implementation experience of problem posing provided in the course played a key role in the improvement of pre-service mathematics teachers' understanding of problem posing and PCK.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.77-92
• /
• 2006

Purpose : This study was to evaluate the effect of traditional balance training on balance in older adults. Methods : The subjects of this study were thirty elderly over 65 years old. Thirty subjects ranging aged from 66 to 85($74.0{\pm}5.83$) completed the study and participated three times a week for 5weeks. Subjects were assessed by utilizing two different balance measure : Static standing balance was measured by balance performance monitor(BPM). Dynamic balance was measured by timed up and go test(TUG). The scale for static standing balance was measured by using frequence(Hz), sway area($mm^2$), sway path(mm), max sway velocity(mm/s), ant/post sway angle($^{\circ}$), left/right sway angle($^{\circ}$), and sway number. Results : The change in frequency were statistically significant on pre-test and post-test(P<.05), 2. The change in sway area were statistically significant on pre-test and post-test (P<.05), 3. The change in sway path were statistically significant on pre-test and post-test(P<.05), 4. The change in max sway velocity were statistically significant on pre-test and post-test (P<.05), 5. The change in ant/post sway angle were statistically significant on pre-test and post-test (P<.05), 6. The change in left/right sway angle were statistically significant on pre-test and post-test(P<.05), 7. The change in sway number were statistically significant on pre-test and post-test(P<.05), 8. The score on timed up and go test shows statistically significant increase on pre-test and post-test (P<.05). Conclusion : This study suggest that traditional balance training have an effect on balance performance ability for elderly people. Therefore, the traditional balance training is recommended for older adults to improve balance performance ability.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
• /
• v.18 no.5
• /
• pp.598-607
• /
• 2004

In this study, the effects of two pre-treatment processes were observed prior to membrane filtration: pre-coagulation and pre-ozonation. To compare the effect of two above-mentioned pre-treatments, we adopted the four schemes: first one is direct membrane filtration of river surface water, second one is membrane filtration after pre-coagulation, third one is membrane filtration after pre-ozonation and fourth one is membrane filtration after pre-coagulation and pre-ozonation. There are two exceptional characteristics in applied processes. One is the usage of the MF membrane which has high ozone resisting characteristic. Therefore, ozone resides in membrane module during filtration. The other is adoption of Jet Mixed Separator (JMS) as coagulation-sedimentation process. The change in transmembrane pressure and permeate water quality were also examined. As a result, considering the filtration performance efficiency and permeate water quality, the process composed of filtration with combination of both pre-coagulation and pre-ozonation was proved most effective. The improved efficiency was due to the reduction of loading rate of fouling inducing materials to membrane module by coagulation process as well as variable reactions, such as degradation, particle destabilization and coagulation, occurred by residual ozone in membrane module. The additional effect of pre-coagulation before pre-ozonation is suppression of AOC, one of the by-products induced by ozonation. Therefore, combination of pre-coagulation and pre-ozonation is the effective process to overcome the major de-merit of ozonation i.e. by-products formation.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.20-24
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this analytic study is to design and examine an efficient hydrogen liquefaction cycle by using a pre-cooler. The liquefaction cycle is primarily comprised of a pre-cooler and a refrigerator. The fed hydrogen gas is cooled down from ambient temperature (300 K) to the pre-cooling coolant temperature (either 77 K or 120 K approximately) through the pre-cooler. There are two pre-cooling methods: a single pre-coolant pre-cooler and a cascade pre-cooler which uses two levels of pre-coolants. After heat exchanging with the pre-cooler, the hydrogen gas is further cooled and finally liquefied through the refrigerator. The working fluids of the potential pre-cooling cycle are selected as liquid nitrogen and liquefied natural gas. A commercial software Aspen HYSYS is utilized to perform the numerical simulation of the proposed liquefaction cycle. Efficiency is compared with respect to the various conditions of the heat exchanging part of the pre-cooler. The analysis results show that the cascade method is more efficient, and the heat exchanging part of the pre-coolers should have specific UA ratios to maximize both spatial and energy efficiencies. This paper presents the quantitative performance of the pre-cooler in the hydrogen liquefaction cycle in detail, which shall be useful for designing an energy-efficient liquefaction system.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.257-276
• /
• 2020

In this study, the MKT level of pre-service mathematics teachers in the area of permutations and combinations was investigated, and MKT-Development Program(MKT-DP) focused on improving the MKT of pre-service mathematics teachers was developed and implemented to examine the effects of the program on the MKT in the area of permutations and combinations. Twenty-nine pre-service mathematics teachers participated in a four-week MKT-DP and MKT pre and post tests. According to the MKT pre test results for permutation and combination areas, pre-service teachers who participated in this study showed low levels of MKT in the permutation and combination areas, especially, the level of SCK and KCT was quite low. In order to examine the effects of MKT-DP, the results of pre- and post-MKT tests were analyzed, and a significant difference between pre- and post-tests was found only in the KCT sub-category. This shows that the MKT-DP developed in this study is effective in improving pre-services teachers' KCT in the area of permutation and combination. Although there were no statistically significant differences between the three remaining sub-categories(CCK, SCK, and KCS), the positive influence of MKT-DP can be expected throughout MKT, as a result of some level increase in post-test compared to the pre-test.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.23 no.8
• /
• pp.98-105
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in physicochemical properties of apples pre-treated differently with salt and sugar for apple Jangachi. When salt was used, moisture content was decreased by 28.41% to 57.67% at 24 hours and maintained an average 56.92% after 24 hours. However, when sugar was used, moisture content decreased steadily to 41.14% (60h). The pH of the apple pre-treated with salt decreased from pH 4.42 to pH 3.63 at 12 hours. However, in the case of apples pre-treated with sugar, pH decreased from pH 4.52 to pH 4.19 after 48 hours, but was not statistically significant. Conversely, total acidity of apple pre-treated with salt increased from 11.46% to 0.35% during 72 hours. But total acidity of apple pre-treated with sugar decreased to 0.11% at 24 hours and maintained. Sugar content of apple pre-treated with salt increased to 33.1% at 12 hours and maintained. Conversely, in case of sugar pre-treatment, sugar content of apple pre-treated with sugar increased steadily to 45.12% at 72 hours. Salinity of apple pre-treated with salt increased sharply to 15.74% during 24 hours. Lightness ($L^*$) of apple pre-treated sugar was not different from the control group. But apple pre-treated salt decreased slightly. Yellowness ($b^*$) was higher than the control group regardless of pre-treatment group. Sensory evaluation revealed that sugar pre-treatment apples were highly evaluated for flavor, taste, chewiness and overall acceptance.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.833-849
• /
• 2016

Pre-stressing of existing structures using steel cables, FRP cables or FRP laminates has been successfully tried in the past. Retrofitting of beams using pre-stressed laminates does not utilize the full strength of the FRP due to de-bonding of the laminates before the fibre fracture. In the present study attempt has been made to overcome this problem by replacing the FRP laminates by the FRP sheets. In the present paper the effect of initial damage level and pre-stress level on strength, stiffness, cracking behaviour and failure mode of girders retrofitted using pre-stressed CFRP sheets has been studied. The results indicate that rehabilitation of initially damaged girders by bonding pre-stressed CFRP sheets improves the flexural behaviour of beams appreciably. However, it has been observed that with increase in pre-stressing force the load carrying capacity of the girders increases up to a particular level up to which the mode of failure is fibre fracture. Thereafter, the mode of failure shifts from fibre fracture to de-bonding and there is no appreciable increase in load carrying capacity with further increase in pre-stressing force.