• 대한감각통합치료학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.63-73
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• 2015

목적 : Interactive Metronome(IM) 훈련프로그램이 ADHD 아동의 타이밍과 주의력 그리고 운동기능에 미치는 영향을 사례보고 하고자 한다. 연구방법 : ADHD진단을 받은 일반초등학교 1학년에 재학 중인 2008년생 남아(사례1)와 일반중학교 2학년에 재학 중인 2001년생 남아(사례2)를 대상으로 2015년 1월 12일부터 2월 6일까지 4주간 IM 훈련프로그램을 적용하였다. 본 연구에서는 IM Pro 9.0을 이용하여 타이밍 향상을 위한 중재로 사용하였다. 총 3주간, 주 5회, 총 15회기, 회기 당 50-60분간 적용하였다. 또한 IM 훈련프로그램의 중재 효과를 알아보기 위해 중재 전후에 타이밍, 주의력, 운동기능을 평가하였는데 평가 도구로는 타이밍 향상을 평가하기 위해 IM의 Long Form Assessment(LFA)를 사용하였다. 주의력을 평가하기 위해 Rhehacom 판별 검사(RehaCom screening module)를 사용하였고, 운동 기능을 평가하기 위해 Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2판(BOT-2)를 사용하였다. 결과 : LFA의 타이밍 능력의 평가 결과는 사례 아동 모두에서 전체 운동과제의 평균 반응 속도가 감소되어 타이밍 기능이 향상되었음을 알 수 있었다. 주의력은 사례1 아동에서 시각적 분리 주의력(visual attention division), 편측무시(neglect) 그리고 충동 조절(response inhibition) 기능이 향상되었고. 사례2 아동에서는 지속적 주의력(sustained attention) 기능이 향상되었다. 운동기능은 BOT-2 단축폼(short form)의 백분위(%ile Rank)가 사례1 아동은 42%ile에서 96%ile로 향상되었고, 사례2 아동은 21%ile에서 66%ile로 향상되었다. 두 사례 아동 모두 양측 협응(bilateral coordination)항목과 상지 협응(upper-limb coordination)항목의 등가연령이 향상되었다. 결론 : 본 사례보고는 IM 훈련프로그램이 ADHD 아동의 타이밍, 주의력, 운동기능에 긍정적 효과가 있음을 시사한다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제1권
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• pp.47-85
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• 1989

The Fundamental purpose of the Warsaw Convention was to establish uniform rules applicable to international air transportation. The emphasis on the benefits of uniformity was considered important in the beginning and continues to be important to the present. If the desire for uniformity is indeed the mortar which holds the Warsaw system together then it should be possible to agree on a worldwide liability limit. This liability limit would not be so unreasonable, that it would be impossible for nations to adhere to it. It would preclude any national supplemental compensation plan or Montreal Agreement type of requirement in any jurisdiction. The differentiation of liability limits by national requirement seems to be what is occurring. There is a plethora of mandated limits and Montreal Agreement type 'voluntary' limits. It is becoming difficult to find more than a few major States where an unmodified Warsaw Convention or Hague Protocol limitation is still in effect. If this is the real world in the 1980's, then let the treaty so reflect it. Upon reviewing the Warsaw Convention, its history and the several attempts to amend it, strengths become apparent. Hijackings of international flights have given rise to a number of lawsuits by passengers to recover damages for injuries suffered. This comment is concerned with the liability of an airline for injuries to its passengers resulting from aviation terrorism. In addition, analysis is focused on current airline security measures, particularly the pre-boarding screening system, and the duty of air carriers to prevent weapons from penetrating that system. An airline has a duty to exercise a high degree of care to protect its passengers from the threat of aviation terrorism. This duty would seemingly require the airline to exercise a high degree of care to prevent any passenger from smuggling a weapon or explosive device aboard its aircraft. In the case an unarmed hijacker who boards having no instrument in his possession with which to promote the hoax, a plaintiff-passenger would be hard-pressed to show that the airline was negligent in screening the hijacker prior to boarding. In light of the airline's duty to exercise a high degree of care to provide for the safety of all the passengers on board, an acquiescene to a hijacker's demands on the part of the air carrier could constitute a breach of duty only when it is clearly shown that the carrier's employees knew or plainly should have known that the hijacker was unarmed. A finding of willful misconduct on the part of an air carrier, which is a prerequisite to imposing unlimited liability, remains a question to be determined by a jury using the definition or standard of willful misconduct prevailing in the jurisdiction of the forum court. Through the willful misconduct provision of the Warsaw Convention, air carrier face the possibility of unlimited liability for failure to implement proper preventive precautions against terrorist. Courts, therefore, should broadly construe the willful misconduct provision of the Warsaw Convention in order to find unlimited liability for passenger injuries whenever air carrier security precautions are lacking. In this way, the courts can help ensure air carrier safety and prevention against terrorist attack. Air carriers, therefore, would have an incentive to increase, impose and maintain security precautions designed to thwart such potential terrorist attacks as in the case of Korean Air Lines Flight No.858 incident having a tremendous impact on the civil aviation community. The crash of a commercial airliner, with the attending tragic loss of life and massive destruction of property, always gives rise to shock and indignation. The general opinion is that the legal system could be sufficient, provided that the political will is there to use and apply it effectively. All agreed that the main responsibility for security has to be borne by the governments. I would like to remind all passengers that every discovery of the human spirit may be used for opposite ends; thus, aircraft can be used for air travel but also as targets of terrorism. A state that supports aviation terrorism is responsible for violation of International Aviation Law. Generally speaking, terrorism is a violation of international law. It violates the soverign rights of the states, and the human rights of the individuals. I think that aviation terrorism as becoming an ever more serious issue, has to be solved by internationally agreed and closely co-ordinated measures. We have to contribute more to the creation of a general consensus amongst all states about the need to combat the threat of aviation terrorism.

• 재활치료과학
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.57-68
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• 2019

목적: 신체활동과 인지운동, 사회적 상호작용을 혼합한 단기 집단 복합중재가 75세 이상의 고령 정상 노인의 인지기능과 우울 수준에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 본 연구 설계는 단일 집단 사전-사후 설계(one group pretest-posttest design)로 중재는 회당 70분, 주 1회, 총 4회기 동안 실시하였다. 중재 전과 후의 인지기능과 우울 수준, 신체기능의 변화를 비교하기 위해서 치매 선별용 간이 정신상태검사(Mini-Mental State Examination-Dementia Screening; MMSE-DS)와 단축형 노인우울척도(Short Form for Geriatric Depression Scale; SGDS), 버그균형척도(Berg Balance Scale; BBS)를 사용하였다. 결과: 75세 이상의 고령 정상노인에게 집단 복합중재를 적용한 후 인지기능은 통계적으로 유의미한 향상이 있었고(p<.01), 우울 수준은 통계적으로 유의미한 감소가 있었다(p<.05). 균형수준도 중재 전$46.83{\pm}9.11$점에서 중재 후 $48.08{\pm}7.00$점으로 평가점수의 증가는 있었으나, 통계적으로 유의미하지는 않았다(p>.05). 결론: 신체활동과 인지운동, 사회적 상호작용을 혼합한 단기 집단 복합중재는 75세 이상의 고령 정상노인의 인지기능의 저하를 늦추고 우울수준을 감소시키는데 유의한 효과가 있었다. 본 연구는 정상노인들의 치매, 우울 예방을 위한 중재에 있어서 보다 체계적인 중재를 제공하기 위한 근거를 제시한다는 점에 의의가 있다. 향후 연구에서는 작업치료사에 의한 전문적인 치료에 대한 효과연구와 실험군-대조군 연구를 통해 효과입증이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.171-181
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• 2013

최근 금속을 포함하여 다양한 재질의 지뢰를 탐지할 수 있는 지면 투과 레이더 (Ground Penetrating Radar, GPR)가 지뢰 탐지 분야에서 주목 받고 있으며 지면 투과 레이더를 이용한 지뢰 탐지 기술이 활발하게 연구되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 1차원 지면 투과 레이더 배열을 이용하여 지뢰가 존재할 가능성이 높은 후보 지점을 검출하는 방법을 제안하였다. 제안 기법은 먼저 지면 투과 레이더에 수신되는 신호 세기의 비선형적 감쇠 특성을 반영하여, 지연 시간에 따른 지면 투과 레이더 응답 신호의 세기를 효과적으로 나타낼 수 있는 회귀 모델을 추정하였다. 이를 토대로 지면 투과 레이더 응답 신호를 분석해보면, 토양 신호들은 주로 회귀 모델의 근처에 밀집되어 있고, 지뢰일 가능성이 있는 후보 신호들은 회귀 모델로부터 멀리 떨어져서 분포하는 특성을 보인다. 이러한 사실을 기반으로, 지면 투과 레이더의 측정값과 회귀 모델의 예측 값에 대한 예측 오차를 계산하여 토양 신호로부터 지뢰일 가능성이 있는 후보 신호들을 분리하였다. 후보 신호에는 잡음과 표적 신호가 섞여 있으므로 표적 신호가 갖는 고유한 기하학적 특성을 이용하여 최종적으로 표적 신호를 검출하였다. 성능 검증을 위해 실내 환경에서 획득한 지면 투과 레이더 데이터를 이용하여 실험을 수행한 결과, 제안하는 전처리 기법의 지뢰 탐지율 대비 오경보율이 낮은 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.1929-1934
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• 2015

Purpose: To determine the diagnostic yield of primary circulating tumor cells in women with suspicion of breast cancer, detected as a result of an abnormal mammography. Materials and Methods: Consecutive women presenting for breast biopsy as a result of a mammogram BiRADs of 3 or more, had an 8ml blood sample taken for primary circulating tumor cell (CTC) detection. Mononuclear cells were obtained using differential gel centrifugation and CTCs identified using standard immunocytochemistry using anti-mammoglobin. A test was determined to be positive if 1 CTC was detected. Results: A total of 144 women with a mean age of $54.7{\pm}15.6$ years participated, 78/144 (53.0%) had breast cancer on biopsy, 65/140 (46.3%) benign pathologies and 1(0.7%) non-Hogkins lymphoma. Increasing BiRADs scores were associated with increased cancer detection (p=0.004, RR 1.00, 4.24, 8.50). CTC mammoglobin positive had a sensitivity of 81.1% and specificity of 90.9%, with positive and negative predictive values of 90.9% and 81.1% respectively. Mammoglobin positive CTCs detected 87% of invasive cancers, while poorly differentiated cancers were negative for mammoglobin. Only 50% of in situ cancers and none of the intraductal cancers had CTCs detected. Menopausal status did not affect the diagnostic yield of the CTC test, which was higher in women with BiRADS 4 mammograms. There was a significant trend (p<0.0001 Chi squared for trends) in CTC detection frequency from intraductal, in situ and invasive (OR 1.00, 8.00, 472.00). Conclusions: The use of primary CTC detection in women suspected of breast cancer has potential uses, especially with invasive cancer, but it failed to detect intra-ductal cancer and 50% of in situ cancer. There was no difference in the diagnostic yield between pre and post menopausal women. To confirm its use in reducing biopsies in women with BIRADs 4a mammagrams and in the detection of interval invasive breast cancer, larger studies are needed.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.253-259
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• 2016

In the era of (pre) elimination setting, the prevalence of malaria has been decreasing in most of the previously endemic areas. Therefore, effective cost- and time-saving validated pooling strategy is needed for detection of malaria in low transmission settings. In this study, optimal pooling numbers and lowest detection limit were assessed using known density samples prepared systematically, followed by genomic DNA extraction and nested PCR. Pooling strategy that composed of 10 samples in 1 pool, $20{\mu}l$ in 1 sample, was optimal, and the parasite density as low as $2p/{\mu}l$ for both falciparum and vivax infection was enough for detection of malaria. This pooling method showed effectiveness for handling of a huge number of samples in low transmission settings (<9% positive rate). The results indicated that pooling of the blood samples before DNA extraction followed by usual nested PCR is useful and effective for detection of malaria in screening of hidden cases in low-transmission settings.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.227-235
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• 2012

유방영상은 유방 전체의 재현 가능한 영상을 만들며, 만져지지 않는 조기 유방암의 가장 중요한 소견인 미세석회화와 종괴를 발견할 수 있어 유방 질환의 일차적인 선별검사로 이용되고 있다. 유방 병변의 미세석회화는 조기 유방암의 진단에 있어서 중요한 병변으로 보고되고 있지만 유방초음파 검사에서 검출이 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 유방초음파 영상에서 미세석회화 검출을 위해 6가지의 질감분석 파라미터를 이용하였으며, 정상 초음파영상과 미세석회화가 보이는 초음파 영상 간의 병변인식률을 알아보았다. 실험결과로는 유방촬영영상과 유방 초음파영상에서 병변을 구별하는 컴퓨터자동진단 인식률은 70~98%로 상당히 높은 결과를 나타내었다. ROC 분석에서도 평균대조도와 엔트로피 파라미터의 특이도는 다소 낮게 나타났으나, 나머지 4개 파라미터의 민감도와 특이도는 90% 이상을 나타내어 초음파영상에서 미세석회화 검출의 가능성을 보였다. 향후 6가지 질감분석 알고리즘들 외에 추가적인 파라미터 알고리즘의 연구가 계속 진행되어 컴퓨터자동진단의 실용화기반을 마련한다면 전문의 진단의 예비단계로서 더욱 중요한 의미를 가질 것이며, 유방암의 조기진단에 매우 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1520-1520
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• 2001

Food adulteration is a serious consumer fraud and a potentially dangerous practice. Regulatory authorities and food processors require a rapid, non-destructive test to accurately confirm authenticity in a range of food products and raw materials. Olive oil is prime target for adulteration either on the basis of the processing treatments used for its extraction (extra virgin vs virgin vs ordinary oil) or its geographical origin (e.g. Greek vs Italian vs Spanish). As part of an investigation into this problem, some preliminary work focused on the ability of near infrared spectroscopy to discriminate between virgin olive oils from separate regions of the Mediterranean i. e. Crete and the Peloponese. A total of 46 oils were collected: 18 originated in Crete and 28 in the Peloponese. Oils were stored in a temperature-controlled room at 2$0^{\circ}C$ prior to spectral collection at room temperature (15-18$^{\circ}C$). Samples (approximately 0.5$m\ell$) were placed in the centre of the quartz window in a camlock reflectance cell; the gold-plated baking plate was then gently placed into the cell against the glass so as to minimize the formation of air bubbles. The rear of the camlock cell was then screwed into place producing a sample thickness of 0.5mm. Spectra were recorded between 400 and 2498nm at 2nm intervals on a NIR Systems 6500 scanning monochromator. Spectral collection took place over 2-3 days. Data were analysed using both WINISI and The Unscrambler software to investigate the possibility of discriminating between the oils from Crete and the Peloponese. A number of data pre-treatments were used and discriminant models were developed using discriminant PLS (WINISI & Unscrambler) and SIMCA (Unscrambler). Despite the small number of samples involved, a satisfactory discrimination between these two oil types was achieved. Graphical examination of principal component scores for each oil type also holds out the possibility of separating oils from either Crete and the Peloponese on the basis of districts within each region. These preliminary data suggest the potential of near infrared spectroscopy to act as a screening technique for the confirmation of geographic origin of extra virgin olive oils. The sample presentation strategy adopted uses only small volumes of material and produces high quality spectra.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.271-279
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• 2010

We conducted a quantitative human health risk assessment with respect to inhalation of heavy metals for residents of housing developments in "new towns" where an incinerator will be operated within the area scheduled for construction thereof. To assess potential human health risk we calculated the amount of heavy metals emitted from the incinerator, and then forecasted the potential health impact on adjoining areas where new housing is to be developed (i.e. "new towns") at different altitudes by a using SCREEN-3 model. We assessed Cancer Risk (CR) caused by known carcinogens using the Inhalation Unit Risk criteria developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Notably, we assessed risk by determining concentrations of heavy metals on a floor by floor basis, as apartment buildings are to be constructed near the incinerator according to a pre-devised plan. Results indicated that cancer risk for most carcinogens exceeded US EPA standards for the highest locations at each collection point. This result indicates that construction of high buildings in areas adjoining incinerators is undesirable, and that measures to lower carcinogens are needed. The results of this study, which assessed health risk from exposure to heavy metals emitted from a nearby incinerator, can be useful in land use planning with respect to the location of housing developments in new towns, as well as the heights of any buildings constructed. Furthermore, the methodology deployed herein with respect to risk assessment can be helpful for policy makers and the general public in the event of conflicts regarding incinerator projects in the future. The results herein may also be of merit in determining priorities when establishing harm reduction measures for carcinogens at incinerators. However, the study does contain several limitations. The SCREEN-3 model, a kind of screening model that provides conservative results, can provide higher forecasted concentrations of air pollutants than other models. Moreover, although the incinerator in question is set to be a thermoselect type, domestic data for emissions from these incinerators is not available, and assumptions were based on a stoker type incinerator. Insufficient domestic data likewise compelled the use of data of USA, resulting in possible errors in results. Continued research will thus be required to develop systematic methodologies that address the foregoing factors and produce more reliable outcomes.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.148-154
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• 2001

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the significance of serum SCC antigen, CA 19-9, CA 125 level and DNA microsatellite alterations (MSA) as prognostic factors and indicators for recurrences in the pre-treatment and post-treatment state, respectively in head and neck cancer patients. Materials and Methods: 120 patients who received curative treatment for head and neck cancer from 1995 to 2000 were followed up successfully, and were analyzed retrospectively. Thirty healthy subjects served as normal controls. Serum SCC Ag levels were measured by microparticle enzyme immunoassay technique via IMX SCC assay, CA 19-9 levels were measured by CA 19-9 RIA test kit, and CA 125 levels were measured by CA 125 IRMA kit. MSA were identified after PCR amplification. Heterozygosity was considered lost if the ratio of one allele was significantly decreased (>50%) in serum DNA compared with normal DNA from lymphocytes. Results: Preoperative tumor markers were higher in cancer patients than control, but not significant. Postoperative SCC Ag levels were lower than preoperative levels. The SCC Ag levels were remained low in no evidence of disease (NED) group, but increased in locoregional recurrence and distant metastasis group. CA 19-9 and CA 125 levels showed no correlation between levels and recurrences and were not decreased significantly after primary tumor removal. MSA were detected in five out of 21 cases, and highly detected in distant metastasis group. Conclusion: SCC Ag seems to be a helpful serum tumor marker for early detection of recurrence and distant metastasis of head and neck cancer after curative treatment. But, CA 19-9 and CA 125 were not reliable markers for head and neck tumors. MSA were not statistically significant because of the small number of study group. However they may be helpful for screening serum molecular markers for early detection of distant metastasis of head and neck cancers.