• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.1013-1016
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• 2003

This paper is to evaluate practically the techniques and materials of repair for RC elements with fire damages as well as to investigate the structural behavior of RC beams according to pre- or post-repair after fire-damages. For this purpose, normal concrete flexural specimens were exposed to high temperatures by the ISO 834 specification. After natural cooling and post-fire-curing in a natural environment for 2 months, the specimens were repaired with polymer cement mortar for 1 month curing.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.138-146
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• 2022

To optimize initial cooling conditions, forced-air cooling was applied to freshly harvested oak mushrooms at 2 levels (0℃ for 30 minutes, at 0℃ for 1 hour) followed by room cooling at 3 levels (-3℃ for 1 day, 0℃ for 1 day, 3℃ for 1 day). After initial cooling, the oak mushrooms were packaged with PVC film, then held in a storage room at 1℃ for 6 weeks. Quality characteristics and percentage marketability were then investigated. As a control, Mushrooms were placed in storage with no initial cooling. The quality factors impacting marketability of fresh oak mushrooms were color change and appearance of decay. Off-odor did not occur or developed only slightly, so it did not affect oak mushroom quality within 6 weeks of low temperature storage. In all treatment groups, the shelf life in which 100% marketability was maintained was up to 3 weeks. At week 5, percent marketability of the 3 treatment groups 1 hour room cooling treatment at 0℃, 1 hour forced air cooling, and control was 100%. 80% In the group that underwent 30 min forced air cooling retained 80% marketability, and the group exposed to 1 day in room cooling at -3℃ retained 86.7% marketability. At week 6 of 1℃ storage, the marketability ratio was 80% in the 1 day room cooling at 0℃ group, 66.7% in the 1 day room cooling at 3℃ group, 46.7% in the 1 hour forced air cooling group, and 33% or less in all other treatment groups. Therefore, the most suitable initial cooling parameter to extend shelf-life of oak mushrooms is 1 day of in room cooling at 0℃ immediately after harvest.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.48-58
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• 1988

This study was undertaken to observe the formation behavior of ferro- magnetic phase in Mn-Al-Cu Alloys. The alloy selected for this investigation was 70% Mn-29% Al-1% Cu. This pre-allyed pig was prepared to the cylinderical castings using an Induction furnace after homogenizing at $1100^{\circ}C$ for 2hr, the specimens were cooled by cooling methods. Subwequent isothermal heat treatments were followed at $550^{\circ}C$ for various periods of time at predetermined(1-1000min). The formation behavior of ferromagnetic phase was investigated by measurements of magnetic properties of the specimens at each stage of heat treatment, and optical microscopic esamination and X-Ray diffraction analyses were also employed. By this basic experimental results, the conclusions are as follows 1) In order to obtain much amount of ferromagnetic phase, the optimum average cooling rate was about 7.35-$16.4^{\circ}C$/sec($1100^{\circ}C$-$600^{\circ}C$). 2) We verified the decomposition of {\tau} phase to {\beta} -Mn and {\gamma} , as the specimens were homogenized at $1100^{\circ}C$ for 12hr, then heat-treased at $550^{\circ}C$ for 1-1000min. 3) A condition of optimum heat treatments in Mn-Al-Cu permanent mag-netic alloys showed that after homogenizing at $1100^{\circ}C$ for 2hr, the speciments were cooled in air or furnace(A) and subsequent heat treatments at $550^{\circ}C$ for 1-30min. The maximum magnetic properties were measured as follows: Air cooling; Br=1200(Gause), bHc=100(oe), (BH)max=0.07(MGOe) Furnace cooling(A);Br=950(Gauss), bhe=80(Oe), (BH)max=0.05(MGOe)

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.42 no.6 s.277
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• pp.437-442
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• 2005

We fabricated BSCCO-2212 (2212) bulk superconductor by melt casting process, and evaluated the dependence of the critical properties on the temperature and cooling .ate of mold and the pouring methods of melt. It was observed that the critical current (Ic) of 2212 was significantly dependent on the pre-heating temperature of the mold. At the pre-heating temperature of $500^{\circ}C$ followed by air cooling condition, Ic of 48 A at 77 K was obtained which was higher than others processed at different temperatures. In addition, the Ic improved to 132 A when tilt casting method was applied. The improved Ic is probably due to the fact that the tilt casting reduced a turbulent flow of the melt during casting causing less porosity and more homogeneous microsructure. Critical temperature was measured to be 87-89 K after the first heat treatment and it improved to 90-91 K when subsequently heat treated at $650^{\circ}C$ in a nitrogen atmosphere. This improvement was considered to be due to an optimization of the oxygen content in the range of 8.16-8.2.

• Entomological Research
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.550-558
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• 2018

To develop a system for the mass production of Protaetia brevitarsislarvae (Pbl), this study analyzed the oviposition characteristics of third instar Pbl through successive rearing and cold treatments. In the first generation, females laid 50 eggs each on average, and spawned higher numbers of eggs for the first 5 days but then fewer after this. However, all of the $2^{nd}$-generation females that were produced through the successive rearing of eggs from the $1^{st}$ generation did not spawn. When test insects (TI) were raised at $32^{\circ}C$, their $mean{\pm}SE$ pupal period and emergence rate were $28.4{\pm}1.9$ days and 87%, respectively. However, most individuals raised in cold treatments ($5^{\circ}C$ and $-5^{\circ}C$) without a pre-cooling period did not survive. Individuals exposed to a pre-cooling period, however, had a 7-10 days longer pupal period than those raised at $32^{\circ}C$, and their emergence rate (90%) was slightly higher. Different cold treatment temperatures ($0^{\circ}C$, $3^{\circ}C$, or $5^{\circ}C$) and periods (30 or 60 days) were tested in further experiments. The experimental group kept for 30 days at $0^{\circ}C$ and $3^{\circ}C$ had the shortest pupal period of all, and emergence rates exceeded 90% in most groups. With respect to the number of eggs spawned by the second generation females after cold treatments, the experimental groups held in cold treatments at $5^{\circ}C$ for 30 and 60 days were found to spawn the most eggs. Consequently, the experimental group kept at $5^{\circ}C$ for 30 days was the most effective set of conditions tested during the entire breeding period.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.329-332
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• 1999

The crack of concrete induced by the heat of hydration is a serious problem, particularly in concrete structures such as underground box structure, mat-slab of nuclear reactor buildings, dams or large footings, foundations of high rise buildings, etc.. As a result of the temperature rise and restriction condition of foundation, the thermal stress which may induce the cracks can occur. Therefore the various techniques of the thermal stress control in massive concrete have been widely used. One of them is prediction of the thermal stress, besides low-heat cement which mitigates the temperature rise, pre-cooling which lowers the initial temperature of fresh concrete with ice flake, pipe cooling which cools the temperature of concrete with flowing water, design change which considers steel bar reinforcement, operation control and so on. The objective of this paper is largely two folded. Firstly we introduce the cracks control technique by employing low-heat cement mix and thermal stress analysis. Secondly it show the application condition of the cracks control technique like sidewall of LNG in Inchonl.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.36.1-36.1
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• 2016

This is a presentation of the paper published as Kimm et al. 2016, ApJ, 823, 52. We investigate the formation of metal-poor globular clusters (GCs) at the center of two dark matter halos with $Mhalo{\sim}4{\times}107Msun$ at z>10 using cosmological radiation-hydrodynamics simulations. We find that very compact (${\leq}1$ pc) and massive (${\sim}6{\times}105Msun$) clusters form rapidly when pristine gas collapses isothermally with the aid of efficient $Ly{\alpha}$ emission during the transition from molecular-cooling halos to atomic-cooling halos. Because the local free-fall time of dense star-forming gas is very short (${\ll}1Myr$), a large fraction of the collapsed gas is turned into stars before stellar feedback processes blow out the gas and shut down star formation. Although the early stage of star formation is limited to a small region of the central star-forming disk, we find that the disk quickly fragments due to metal enrichment from supernovae. Sub-clusters formed in the fragmented clouds eventually merge with the main cluster at the center. The simulated clusters closely resemble the local GCs in mass and size but show a metallicity spread that is much wider than found in the local GCs. We discuss a role of pre-enrichment by Pop III and II stars as a potential solution to the latter issue. Although not without shortcomings, it is encouraging that a naive blind (not tuned) cosmological simulation presents a possible channel for the formation of at least some massive GCs.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1999.04a
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• pp.293-298
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• 1999

The crack of concrete induced by the heat of hydration is a serious problem, particularly in concrete structures such as underground box structure, mat-slab of nuclear reactor buildings, dams or large footings, foundations of high rise buildings, etc.. As a result of the temperature rise and restriction condition of foundation, the thermal stress which may induce the cracks can occur. Therefore the various techniques of the thermal stress control in massive concrete have been widely used. One of them is prediction of the thermal stress, besides low-heat cement which mitigates the temperature rise, pre-cooling which lowers the initial temperature of fresh concrete with ice flake, pipe cooling which cools the temperature of concrete with flowing water, design change which considers steel bar reinforcement, operation control and so on. The objective of this paper is largely two folded. Firstly we introduce the cracks control technique by employing low-heat cement mix and thermal stress analysis. Secondly it show the application condition of the cracks control technique like the subway structure in Seoul.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2007

Perimeter zone is one of the weakest area in buildings and it makes an increase of heating and cooling loads, in addition to condensation or discomfort with cold-draft to residents in winter. Because of this, it needs to be reinforced by active systems. However, they use fossil fuel, and ultimately greenhouse effect is urged. Thus, we proposed BIPV system functioned as solar collector which can substitute active system. As an fundamental stage, heat balance equation in steady-state by Fortran was used not only, in winter for pre-heating effect and electric power capacity during the day, but also in summer, for the latter during the day and sky radiation effect during the night. Especially, we should have considered shading on PV by IES Suncast, since even a little bit of it makes the efficiency too low for the PV modules to work. As a result, in summer day, the PV panel should be tiled in 70 degrees to gain the most electric power. Moreover, we could verify that this model makes higher temperature and heat flux under 0.02 m/s. On the other hand, the PV had the high efficiency with high velocity because of cooling effect behind the PV. Therefore, we should regard the air current distribution later on.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.413-421
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• 2014

Since the structural temperature of a flight vehicle flying at high speed rises rapidly due to aerodynamic heating, it is necessary for optimum structural design to obtain proper material properties at high temperature by taking into account of its operational environment. For a special alloy, analysis data on strength change due to exposure time to high temperature are very limited, and most of them are for an exposure time longer than 30 minutes for long term operations. In this study, base and weld metal samples of Ti-6Al-4V alloy had been prepared and high temperature tensile tests with induction heating were performed, and then high temperature strength characteristics and strength recovery characteristics through cooling have been analyzed. Pre-tests to determine maximum heating rate were performed, and response characteristics for temperature control were confirmed. As a result, high temperature tensile strength appeared to be lower than that of room temperature, but it was higher than that of high temperature of 30 minite exposure listed in MMPDS. In strength recovery through cooling Ti-6Al-4V alloy has shown higher recovery rate compared with other alloys.