• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.349-353
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• 2009

Two feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the soybean meal as a substitute for the fish meal in diet (experiment I), and experimental practical diet and commercial diet (experiment II) for growth of far eastern catfish. In the experiment I, three replicate groups of juveniles (average weight 7.2 g) were fed one of diets containing 0, 10 and 20% soybean meals for 66 days. Survival and final mean weight were not significantly affected by dietary soybean meal levels. No significant differences were observed in feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and protein retention of fish fed between 0% (control diet) and 20% soybean meal diets. However, fish fed 10% soybean meal diet showed the lower feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and protein retention, and higher daily feed intake compared with fish fed control diet and 20% soybean meal diet. The contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash in the whole body were not significantly affected by dietary soybean meal levels. In the experiment II, three replicate groups of juveniles (average weight 7.3 g) were fed either the formulated diet or commercial diet for 66 days. Survival and final mean weight were not significantly different among treatment. Significantly higher feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and protein retention, and lower daily feed intake were observed in fish fed experimental practical diet compared with fish fed commercial diet (P<0.05). Proximate compositions of the whole body were not significantly affected by diets. The results of these studies suggest that soybean meal can be used as a substitute for fish meal up to 20% in diet, and the dietary formulation used in the experiment II could be applied to the practical feed for far eastern catfish.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.159-164
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• 1996

Food intake of birds can be affected by particle size as well as diet composition, In order to investigate whether food intake of diets including excessive amount of phenyalanine(Phe) was influenced by diet types. a series of experiments were conducted in growing chicks and laying hens. Growing chicks significantly decreased food intake in a semipurified excessive Phe diet compared with a semipurified control diet, while laying hens fed a practical diet including excess Phe did not significantly reduce their food intake over a corn starch-substituted control diet. In an attempt to find out whether diet type affects food intake in layers, the semipurified type diet with excess Phe greatly reduced food ingestion, but the effect was delayed in the practical type diet. Moreover, under choice feeding regimes between the Phe and either starch, tyrosine(Tyr) or fiber diets in order to investigate whether the decreased food intake in the presence of an excess of dieary Phe in laying hens is involved in the palatability for the diet, there was no significant difference between Phe and starch diet while a preference for the Phe diet tended to be increased when birds were offered Tyr. Laying hens ingested significantly more the Phe diet than the fiber diet within 1 h after feeding. For supporting the idea that preference for the Phe diet may be affected by manipulating taste sense, an anaesthetic or saline was intramuscularly administered under the tongue just before a choice feeding. Preference for the Phe diet was not significantly different from that for the fiber reference diet within 1 h in the anaesthetized birds while the birds preferred the Phe diet in the saline treated group. It is suggested that because birds are able to select a diet, the decreased food intake induced by dietary excess Phe may be due to the repulsive effect of Phe after ingestion but not the taste of Phe.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.121-137
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• 1998

This study was conducted to examine the economic evaluation of the newly developed fish meal analog (BAIFA-M) in Korean rockfish feed. A raw fish feed (MP) and two commercially formulated diets (EP) were employed to compare weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival rate (SR) from the sea cage culture system. By using the economic model in the practical sea cage culture system, feed cost, production cost and gross profit per kg production, rate of profit to gross revenue (RPGR), and internal rate of return (IRR) were calculated based upon the results of the experiment and the information of the private aquaculture farm (Young Chang) in Tong young, Korean. IRR criteria is one of the popular economic feasibility analysis methods applicable far aquaculture industry. This is an economic evaluation method to compare the given interest rate or the discount rate with IRR which can be calculated by the difference between the present value of the benefit stream and of the cost stream. The benefits of using EP on WG, FCR, SR, and production cost will be emphasized in this study. Fish averaging 20$\pm$3.6g (Mean$\pm$SD) were randomly distributed in each small cage (6m$\times$6m) as groups of 2,000 fish. By using 3 large size cages (12m$\times$12m), 12 small cages were constructed, and only 9 small cages were employed for three replicates of each diet treatment. To compare with MP diet, two sinking EP diets were designed by our laboratory and produced by the local feed company who wanted to promote these EP diets for the mass cage culture of Korean rockfish in the future. Two EP diets contain white fish meal and/or BAIFA-M as the main animal protein sources : WFM diet, maximum 43% of white fish meal : BAIEA- M diet, 30% of white fish meal nab replaced by BAIFA- M from WFM diet. Results are summarized in Table 1. Fish fed MP diet showed significantly lower SR than does fish fed two EP diets(P<0.05). However, there Were no significant difference on FCR among fish fed three practical diets. Table 1. Average feed conversion ratio (FCR), accumulative average survival rate (SR) and economic evaluation data far three practical diets. As we expected, BAIFA-M diet is more economical than WFM diet as well as MP diet. Feed cost and production cost per kg production from BAIEA - M diet were lower than those from WFM and MP diets. Moreover, gross profit per Kg production, RPGR and IRR from BAIFA- M diet were higher than those from WFM and MP diets. This economic evaluation study clearly indicated that MP diet should be replaced by the commerical formulated EP diets as soon as possible in the near future because MP diet is not economical in the practical sea cage culture system.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.443-448
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• 2022

Two long-term feeding trials were conducted to compare the effects on survival and growth of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus of experimental diets containing corn distillers dried grains with solubles, Squid Sepioteuthis sepioidea liver meal, and brown fish meal with a commercial die. In both first and second trials, two experimental diets and one commercial diet were assessed. After a 45-week feeding period in trial 1, survival did not differ significantly among groups. The final mean weight of sea cucumbers fed either experimental diet was significantly higher than that of sea cucumbers fed the commercial diet. After a 15-week feeding period in trial 2, survival and final mean weight of sea cucumbers fed either experimental practical diets was significantly higher than that of sea cucumbers fed the commercial diet. It was concluded that the experimental diets formulations can be used as a practical diet, and inclusion of corn distillers dried grains with solubles, squid liver meal, and brown fish meal can improve the growth of juvenile sea cucumbers.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.960-966
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• 2022

We aimed to determine the dietary myo-inositol (MI) requirements of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. A basal diet was formulated without myo-inositol (M0) and a negative control diet (M0-) was prepared by adding tetracycline hydrochloride to the basal diet to prevent intestinal inositol synthesis. Five MI diets were prepared by adding MI at 300, 600, 900, 1,200 and 1,500 mg/kg to the basal diet (designated as, M300, M600, M900, M1200 and M1500, respectively). Triplicate groups of shrimp (initial body weight, 0.55±0.01 g) were fed one of the experimental diets for 42 days. The growth performance of shrimp in M0- group was significantly lower when compared to that of shrimp in M0, M1200 and M1500 groups. Feed efficiency was significantly improved in M1200 and M1500 groups when compared to the M0 and M0- groups. GPx activity was significantly higher in M1200 and M1500 groups compared to that in M0 and M0- groups. Therefore, a practical diet (over 240 mg/kg) meets the minimum MI requirements of Pacific white shrimp. However, the optimum dietary MI level would be potentially above 1,200 mg/kg for better feed utilization efficiency and antioxidant capacity of Pacific white shrimp.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.377-384
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• 1996

A 15-week of growth trial was conducted to evaluate practical diets for growing Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Two replicate groups of the fish average weighing 125 g were fed one of four experimental diets containing $41\~45\%$ protein and $6\~8\%$ lipid. A control diet with $58\%$ fish meal as protein source was included and practical form diets with $40\%$ fish meal and various practical ingredients such as meat meal, blood meal, soybean meal, and corn gluten meal were included. These experimental dry pellet diets were compared with commercial diets containing $51\~53\%$ protein and $5\~13\%$ lipid for marine fish or raw fish-based moist pellet (RMP) diet containing $58\%$ protein and $9\%$ lipid consisted of $50\%$ frozen horse mackerel and $50\%$ commercial binder meal. Weight gain, feed efficiency, daily feed intake and protein efficiency ratio in the fish fed the experimental diets and commercial diets were not significantly different to those in the fish fed the control diet. However weight gain, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio in the fish fed the RMP diet were significantly higher than those in the fish fed the experimental diets and commercial diets. These differences of growth performance between experimental diets and RMP diet may be reason for different dietary protein and energy levels. The experimental diet can save up to $20\%$ cost of fish production compare with control diet, whereas RMP diet is more expensive than other diets in the fish production.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of middle school students' recognition of food and nutrition part in Home Economics by gender, school location and school type. The study was carried out through questionnaire about three category: perception (interests, practical usefulness, attitude change in food behavior), difficulty (nutrition and health in adolescence, balanced diet, principle of cooking and preparing food), necessity (nutrition and health in adolescence, balanced diet, principle of cooking and preparing food). The subjects were 1014 middle school students of 1st grade in Jeonbuk area; urban 334, suburban 339 and rural 341. The results of this study were as follows. 1) There was difference in ‘interests’ by gender (girls > boys), school location (urban, suburban > rural) and school type (coeducation > boys, girls). There were differences in ‘practical usefulness’ by school location (urban > rural) and in ‘attitude change in food behavior’ by school location (urban > suburban > rural) and school type (boys, girls > coeducation). 2) There was difference in difficulty in section of ‘nutrition and health in adolescence’ by school location (suburban > rural). There were no differences in section of ‘balanced diet’ by gender, school location and school type. But there were differences in section of ‘ principle of cooking and preparing food’ by school location (urban, rural > suburban) and school type (coeducation > boys). 3) There were differences in necessity for ‘balanced diet’ and for ‘ principle of cooking and preparing food’ by school location (urban, suburban > rural) and school type (coeducation > boys, girls). Characteristically, the boys had more necessity for ‘nutrition and health in adolescence’ and for ‘balanced diet’ than girls but girls had more necessity for ‘principle of cooking and preparing food’ than boys. It suggests that gender, school type and school location should be considered for an effective and practical curriculum of food and nutrition part in Home Economics.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 1998

This study was carrie out to develop practical feed formulation for juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus hannai). Three replicate groups of abalone averaging 120mg were fed one of 7 isoproteic (34%) and isolipidic (5.3%) dlets containing various practical ingredients such as casein, fish meal, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, Undaria powder, wheat flour, spirulina, starch, and/or wheat germ meal for 4 months. The prices (5,000~800 won/kg diet) of these experimental diets were adjusted by adding different levels and ratios of practival ingredients. In addition, these experimental diets were compared with commercial feed or natural food (Undaria). Weight gain, soft body weight and shell growth of abalone fed experimental diets with low prices (2,500~800 won/kg diet) and commercial diet were significantly higher than those of abalone fed experimental diet with high price (5,000 won/kg diet)and natural food (P<0.05). The results indicate that our economic formulation (about 1,000 won/kg diet) can be useful for juvenile abalone.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 2015

We evaluated the effects of rice distillers dried grain (DDG) as a partial replacement for fish meal in the practical diet on growth performance, feed utilization, and body composition of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Six isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated to contain 0%, 7%, 14%, 21%, 28%, and 35% DDG (designated DDG0, DDG7, DDG14, DDG21, DDG28, and DDG35, respectively). Three replicate groups of juvenile olive flounder averaging $9.6{\pm}0.2g$ were fed one of the experimental diets to visual satiety twice daily for 8 weeks. Neither survival nor daily feed intake was affected by the dietary DDG levels. Weight gain of the flounder fed the DDG28 and DDG35 diets was lower than that of flounder fed the DDG7 diet. The feed efficiency of flounder fed the DDG28 diet was lower than that of flounder fed the DDG0, DDG7, and DDG14 diets. The protein efficiency ratio of flounder fed the DDG28 diet was lower than that of flounder fed the DDG7 diet. The proximate composition of muscle was not affected by the dietary DDG levels. The plasma contents of total protein, glucose, cholesterol, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, phospholipid, and triglyceride were not affected by the dietary DDG levels. The results of this experiment suggest that DDG has the potential to replace fish meal and could be used up to 21% DDG without any negative effects on the growth and feed utilization of juvenile flounder.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.8.1-8.9
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• 2019

A 12-week feeding trial was designed to evaluate the effect of total replacement of fish oil (FO) with terrestrial alternative oils on growth, feed utilization, body composition, hematological parameters, and fillet fatty acid profile of mandarin fish juveniles. Four iso-nitrogenous (56% crude protein) and iso-lipidic (13% crude lipid) practical diets were formulated. A control diet contained 6% FO and three other experimental diets were prepared by replacing FO with linseed oil, soybean oil, and lard (designed as FO, LO, SO, and lard, respectively). Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of 25 fish ($1.8{\pm}0.03g/fish$) in a circular tank. Complete replacement of FO by three tested alternative oils had no remarkable impact on growth performance, feed utilization efficiency, and morphological and hematological parameters of juvenile mandarin fish. However, daily feed intake was found to be significantly higher for fish fed the SO diet compared with those fed the FO and LO diets. Fish fed LO and SO diets exhibited significantly higher levels of the whole body lipid compared to fish fed diet containing FO. Fillet fatty acid composition reflected dietary fatty acid profile. The highest level of ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid was observed in fish fillet fed LO, SO, and lard, respectively. Although the eicosapentaenoic acid level of fish fillet fed diet FO was higher than other treatments, no significant difference was found in docosahexaenoic acid content among all dietary groups. The results of the present study clearly demonstrate that the complete replacement of FO in mandarin fish diets is achievable. These findings are useful in dietary formulation to reduce feed costs without compromising mandarin fish growth.