• Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
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• 2009.02a
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• pp.313-332
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 국가의 연구개발활동조사에서 기업연구개발활동 통계에 대한 효과적인 산출방법을 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 국내 외 연구개발 통계방법을 조사한 후 이를 토대로 우리나라에서 기업연구개발활동에 대한 자료의 수집 및 분석에 대한 개선방안을 제시하였다. 대부분의 국가에서는 대기업은 전수조사, 소규모 기업은 표본조사를 수행하고 있으나, 우리나라에서는 연구소 등록법인에 대하여 전수조사를 행하고 있다. 전수조사는 비용이 많이 들고 비 표본오차로 인하여 모집단에 대한 체계적인 추정이 불가능하다는 문제점이 있다. 현재 산업기술진흥협회에 등록된 연구기관의 수가 20,000개를 넘어서고 있어 전수조사는 한계에 다다른 것으로 생각되어 표본조사 도입에 대한 타당성과 방법론을 중점적으로 검토하였다. 먼저, 표본조사의 타당성을 평가하기 위하여 현재 전수조사를 통해 수집된 자료를 이용하여 표본조사를 수행한 결과를 비교 분석하였다. 산업별(24개), 그룹별(8개)로 구분하여 216개 셀별로 모집단수/표본수를 곱하여 산정 (셀별추정법)한 결과, 전수 통계치와 거의 동일하게 나타났다. 따라서, 산업별, 그룹별로 세분하여 모집단수/표본수를 곱하여 추정하는 셀별추정법이 타당한 것으로 평가할 수 있다. 이상의 분석결과를 토대로 새로운 조사설계방안을 제시하면 다음과 같다. 직전연도 조사기업은 직전연도 연구개발비 수준과 기업종류(대기업, 벤처기업, 중소기업), 그리고 산업에 따라 셀을 분할한다. 대기업, 연구개발비 수준이 높은 기업 등 주요한 셀에 대하여는 전수조사를 실시한다. 나머지 셀에 대하여는 각 셀별 연구개발지출의 분포가 동질적이기 때문에 표본 추출방법은 단순임의추출법(SRS)을 사용한다. 다만 전년도 미계상된(또는 미포함된) 기업에 대하여는 신규 대형 연구소 진입 등을 고려하여 규모비례확률추출법(PPS)을 고려하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단된다. 일부 기업들이 특정 항목에 대한 자료를 제공하지 않는 항목무응답의 경우, 누락된 자료에 대하여는 대체기법(Imputation Algorithm)에 따라 이를 추정한다. 이러한 표본조사방법은 전수조사에서 발생하는 비 표본오차를 해소하고, 자료수집비용 및 소규모기업의 행정적 부담을 경감할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 향후 연구에서는 좀 더 구체적인 조사방법론을 강구할 필요가 있으며, 이와 함께, 연구개발에 대한 다양한 측면의 정보를 수집하기 위해 새로운 설문지를 개발할 필요성이 있다.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.150-159
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the inhibition of protox activity and the PPIX accumulation of the oxyfluorfen-tolerant and-susceptible rice cultivars with barnyardgrass, a typical susceptible weed in accordance by oxyfluorfen treatment. The susceptible rice cultivars and barnyardgrass showed more inhibition of protox activity due to the treatment of oxyfluorfen than the tolerant rice cultivars. Especially in the concentration at $10^{-6}$M treatment, protox activity of the susceptible rice cultivars and barnyardgrass were the completely inhibited but the tolerant rice cultivars kept 32~59% of activity compared to the control. As the treatment concentration increased, the content of PPIX accumulation increased and it increased untill four hours of light exposure but it tended to decrease these after. The content of PPIX accumulation by the treatment of oxyfluorfen was more pronounced in the light condition than in the dark. Under the light and dark conditions, the susceptible rice cultivars and barnyardgrass showed more PPIX accumulation than the tolerant rice cultivate. Especialiy the susceptible barnyardgrass had more than the rice. With the treatment of GC and DA, tetrapyrrole biosynthesis inhibitor, the herbicidal activity by oxyfluorfen was inhibited, and the susceptible rice cultivars and barnyardgrass tended to have less effective than the tolerant rice cultivars and the content of chlorophyll or PPS accumulation tended to be similar.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the high voltage pulsed Current (HVPC) stimulation on the healing rate and the proliferative activity of keratinocytes and IGF-I mRNA expression of an incisional wound in rat skin. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats ($265{\sim}290g$) were randomly divided into HVPC (n=10) and control group (n=10). Rats received 10 mm length of full-thickness incision wound on the back under the anesthesia. The HVPC group received electrical stimulation with a Current intensity of 50 V at 100 pps for a duration of 30 minutes, while the control group was given the same treatment without electricity for a week. Polarity was negative in first three days and positive thereafter. The wound length was measured and evaluated as percentage. The mean number of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) per nucleus and level of IGF-I mRNA expression were calculated. The mean percent of wound closure were $51.17{\pm}17.76%$ and $80.71{\pm}11.91%$, respectively, in the sham treated control and HVPC stimulated groups (t=-4.308, P<0.001). The mean NOR number per nucleus of the keratinocytes in the control and HVPC group were $1.85{\pm}0.20$ and $2.70{\pm}0.23$, respectively (t=8.638, P<0.001). The IGF-I mRNA level were $0.76{\pm}0.44$ and $1.32{\pm}0.41$, respectively, in the control and HVPC stimulated wounds (t=2.906, P<0.01). There was a positive correlation between the mean NOR number per nucleus and IGF-l mRNA level with a Pearson product moment correlation coefficient of 0.72 (P<0.05). These findings suggest that the HVPC may activate the rRNA of the basal keratinocytes and upregulate the IGF-I mRNA levels by alteration of the electrical environment, and it may increase proliferative activity of the keratinocytes in the skin wound of the rat.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.229-240
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• 2010

Most of all researchs and analyses in the field of television industry of Korea were related to Cable Television SO(System Operator), but few about PP(Program Provider) from the viewpoint of Industrial Theory in Korea. However, there wasn't a comprehensive research analysis in terms of the co-relationship of the market structure, market conduct and market performance of PP. This research analyzes co-relationship and dynamics of the market structure of PP, its market conduct and market performance in a comprehensive way in Cable TV industry. Especially this paper focuses on the analysis of 1)relationship and its influence between market structure and market conduct, 2) relationship and its influence between their market conducts and market performances and 3) relationship and its influence between market structure and market performance among 40 commercial PPs in terms of the theory of Industrial Organization in Korea. This paper is delated and reported as follows in conclusion : 1)the type of horizontal integration has an effect on the price and scale in the relationship between the structure and its conduct. 2)the price has effect on the revenue and viewing rate between the conduct and performance. And high dependency of the Cable TV license fee has an effect on viewing rate and revenue per subscribers(ARPU) between the conduct and performance. 3)The horizontal integration between the structure and performance had a positive effect on viewing rate and its product differentiation has an effect on the revenue per subscribers. Net cost of the product had a negative effect on the rate of profit.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 2020

The study aims to verify the effects of volleyball programs on the fitness and attention-intensive abilities of students with intellectual disabilities in middle school. Physical strength and attention concentration were analyzed to verify the effectiveness of the volleyball program. The volleyball program was applied to the experimental group three times a week, 90 minutes a week, a total of 36 times for 12 weeks. To verify the effectiveness of physical strength and attention concentration, the PPS-D intellectual disability student test and ATA concentration test were used to verify the effectiveness of attention concentration The six-minute walking figure related to cardiopulmonary functions was improved compared to those with intellectual disabilities who did not participate in the volleyball program, the report showed. We can see improvements in muscular function-related sit-ups and flexibility-related sit-ups compared to those with intellectual disabilities who did not participate, and significant changes have been seen in the distance of the place-wide jump related to net worth. We could also confirm that it had a positive effect on the improvement of selective attention concentration, and that the change in self-control, continuous attention, and selective attention among middle school students had a positive effect on the improvement.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.81-87
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of electrical stimulation on the number of MCs and percent of degranulated MCs in rat skin. Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two group; electrical stimulation group (n=6) and control group (n=6). Each animals hair on the back was removed. The electrical stimulation group received an positive rectangular pulsed electrical stimulation, while the control group was given the same treatment without electricity. The biopsy specimens were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and stained with toluidine blue-nuclear fast red and alcian blue-safranin O. respectively. The MCs were counted using a light microscope and computerized image analysis system and calculated as the density and the percent. A t-test showed a significantly higher density of MCs in the electrical stimulated rats than control rats(p<0.05), and the percent of degranulated MCs in the electrical stimulated rats was higher than in the control rats (p<0.05) in toluidine blue stained sections. The density of MCs was significantly higher in the electrical stimulated rats than the control rats in alcian blue-safranin O Stained sections (P<0.01). An analysis of variance showed that the densities of CTMCs was significantly lower than the densities of MMCs and mixed MCs in electrical stimulated rat in alcian blue-safranin O Stained sections (p<0.05). These results suggest that the electrical stimulation may have potential for increasing the number of MCs and lead to degranulate the MCs in rat skin.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of microamperage electrical stimulation on the number of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) in rat skin. Twenty four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into electrical stimulation and control group. Bach animals hair on the back was removed. The electrical stimulation group received an positive rectangular positive electrical stimulation with $500{\mu}A$, while the control group was given the same treatment without electricity. The rats were sacrificed at 4 and 7 day of stimulation, respectively. The biopsy specimens were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and stained with silver nitrate. The AgNOR were counted using a light microscope and computerized image analysis system and calculated as the mean number of AgNOR per nucleus in the epidermal keratinocyte. In control skin, the mean AgNOR count of epidermal keratinocyte at 4 and 7 day were 1.67 and 1.72, whereas electrical stimulated rat had mean AgNOR counts of 2.0 and 2.14, respectively. A Student's t-test showed a significantly higher mean AgNOR number at 4 ana 7 day in the electrical stimulated rats than control rats (p<0.05). The microamperage electric current stimulation increased the epidermal AgMOR expression in incisional wound skin. These results suggest that the microamperage electrical stimulation may promote migration and proliferative activity of epidermal keratinocyte in surgical wound.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.83-92
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• 2011

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease and is led to physical disability. Yet the development of effective disease-modifying treatments has lagged. In this study, I examined the effect of physical therapeutic intervention through microcurrent stimulation and attempt to find which degree of intensity, either 25 ${\mu}A$ or 500 ${\mu}A$ with a regular 5 pps pulse, is more effective in the osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis was induced with a mixture of 2% carrageenan and 2% kaolin in 26 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The mixture (0.1 $m{\ell}$) was injected into the intra-articular capsule of knee joint once a week for three weeks. Five animals did not show degenerative changes by radiological findings and excluded in the following experiment. Osteoarthritic animals were randomly divided into 3 groups ($n_1$, $n_2$, $n_3$=7/each): untreated, treated with 25 ${\mu}A$, treated with 500 ${\mu}A$. All experimental groups received microcurrent stimulation for four weeks (15 min/day, 5 days/week). The ethological inspection of foot print analysis on the walking corridor was accomplished every week. Histological preparations and immunohistochemical staining with insulin-like growth factor-1 were also done in the articular cartilages. All of these parameters were compared with those of osteoarthritic control group (n=7). The ethological inspection of foot print analysis revealed that changes of walking track (paw width) and stride length was significantly increased in both experimental groups. The better results were observed in experimental group treated with 25 ${\mu}A$ intensity without significance than group treated with 500 ${\mu}A$. Histological preparations disclosed that routine hyaline cartilage of articular surface were altered to fibrous cartilage in untreated group and experimental group treated with 500 ${\mu}A$ intensity. But a little changes were seen in experimental group treated with 25 ${\mu}A$ intensity. Immunolocalization of insulin-like growth factor-1 was simultaneously decreased according to the duration of osteoarthritis, and did not show significant difference among the groups. In this study discovered that the microcurrent stimulation, especially 25 ${\mu}A$ intensity, had a positive effect by the ethological inspection, histological and immunohistochemical stainings. These results suggest that microcurrent stimulation with low-intensity might be effective in the promotion of healing process for the osteoarthritis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.1113-1120
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• 2011

Enzymatic interesterification was conducted with the palm mid fraction (PMF) and stearic ethyl ester for 1, 5, and 9 hr at 46$^{\circ}C$. The reaction was catalyzed by Lipozyme TLIM (2, 3, and 4% by weight of total substrates) in a shaking water bath at 180 rpm. As the reaction continued, oleic acid (C18:1) content at the sn-2 position decreased, whereas saturated fatty acid (C16:0 and C18:0) content increased. In the high performance chromatography analysis, 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoyl glycerol content decreased, whereas 1(3)-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3(1)-stearoyl glycerol (POS) content increased up to the reaction equilibrium. The rate of acyl migration increased with increasing molar ratio and enzyme load as well as reaction time. The optimal reaction conditions for maximizing POS content (53.5 area%) and minimizing acyl migration (23.1 area%) were obtained with a PMF : stearic ethyl ester=1:2 (molar ratio), Lipozyme TLIM 3 wt%, and a reaction time of 5 hr.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.85-118
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• 2011

This paper uses the horizontal regulation system as the base analysis framework. The study clearly defines the regulatory goals of the followings: the horizontal cross-ownership regulations on program provider (PP) and platform provider, the vertical regulation on cross-ownership between PP and platform operator, the regulation on cross-ownership of program provider by terrestrial broadcasting company, and the regulation on cross-ownership between terrestrial broadcasting company and platform provider. Then, by analyzing the conformity between goals and criteria of regulations and the adequacy of the regulation level according to regulatory purposes, this paper examines the justifiability of each regulation and extracts improvement measures that suite regulatory purposes. This analysis finds following appropriate measures: replacing the horizontal cross-ownership regulation on PP with conduct regulations, such as designating major broadcasting programs or replacing the current criterion of cross-ownership regulation from sales to the audience market share; reshaping the horizontal cross-ownership regulation on platform provider so that system operator (SO), satellite broadcaster and Internet protocol television (IPTV) operator would be applied by the same regulation based on the number of subscribers of pay television services; and discontinuing other cross-ownership regulation. In this way, the study shows that with appropriate regulations on cross-ownership of PP, there would be no need for additional regulation on vertical integration between PP and platform operator. On the other hand, given that the regulation on terrestrial broadcasting cross-ownership of PP could be justified only by regulatory purpose of the protection of the diversity of public opinions, it would be desirable to replace the current criteria of the number of PPs with the criteria of the audience market share. Lastly, the study shows that when platform operator is targeted by the cross-ownership regulation based on the number of subscribers of pay television services, the regulation on cross-ownership between terrestrial broadcasting company and platform provider should be replaced with conduct regulations, such as designating must-offer channels and major broadcasting programs.