• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.369-376
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• 2019

A complete solution for a soluble-boron-free (SBF) small modular reactor (SMR) is pursued with a new burnable absorber concept, namely centrally-shielded burnable absorber (CSBA). Neutronic flexibility of the CSBA design has been discussed with fuel assembly (FA) analyses. Major design parameters and goals of the SBF SMR are discussed in view of the reactor core design and three CSBA designs are introduced to achieve both a very low burnup reactivity swing (BRS) and minimal residual reactivity of the CSBA. It is demonstrated that the core achieves a long cycle length (~37 months) and high burnup (~30 GWd/tU), while the BRS is only about 1100 pcm and the radial power distribution is rather flat. This research also introduces a supplementary reactivity control mechanism using stainless steel as mechanical shim (MS) rod to obtain the criticality during normal operation. A further analysis is performed to investigate the local power peaking of the CSBA-loaded FA at MS-rodded condition. Moreover, a simple $B_4C$-based control rod arrangement is proposed to assure a sufficient shutdown margin even at the cold-zero-power condition. All calculations in this neutronic-thermal hydraulic coupled investigation of the 3D SBF SMR core are completed by a two-step Monte Carlo-diffusion hybrid methodology.

• 한국원자력학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국원자력학회 1996년도 춘계학술발표회논문집(2)
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• pp.429-434
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• 1996

K-REM［1］, which is under development as a realistic evaluation model of large break LOCA, is applied to the analysis of cold leg guillotine break of Ulchin 3&4. Fuel parameters on which statistical analysis of their effects on the peak cladding temperature (PCT) are made and system parameters on which the concept of limiting value approach (LVA) are applied, are determined from the single parameter sensitivity study. 3 parameters of fuel gap conductance, fuel thermal conductivity and power peaking factor are selected as fuel related ones and 4 parameters of axial power shape, reactor power, decay heat and the gas pressure of safety injection tank (SIT) are selected as plant system related ones. Response surface of PCT is generated from the plant calculation results and on which Monte Carlo sampling is made to get plant application uncertainty which is statistically combined with code uncertainty to produce the 95th percentile PCT. From the break spectrum analysis, blowdown PCT of 1350.23 K and reflood PCT of 1195.56 K are obtained for break discharge coefficients of 0.8 and 0.5, respectively.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.2682-2700
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• 2023

To cope with the risks of climate change and promote the realization of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, this paper first comprehensively considers the policy background, technical trends and carbon reduction paths of energy conservation and emission reduction in data center server industry. Second, we propose a computing power carbon efficiency of data center server, and constructs the carbon emission per performance of server (CEPS) model. According to the model, this paper selects the mainstream data center servers for testing. The result shows that with the improvement of server performance, the total carbon emissions are rising. However, the speed of performance improvement is faster than that of carbon emission, hence the relative carbon emission per unit computing power shows a continuous decreasing trend. Moreover, there are some differences between different products, and it is calculated that the carbon emission per unit performance is 20-60KG when the service life of the server is five years.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.339-345
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• 2016

This paper presents a two-stage power amplifier MMIC using a $0.4{\mu}m$ GaN-HEMT process. The two-stage structure provides high gain and compact circuit size using an integrated inter-stage matching network. The size and loss of the inter-stage matching network can be reduced by including bond wires as part of the matching network. The two-stage power amplifier MMIC was fabricated with a chip size of $2.0{\times}1.9mm^2$ and was mounted on a $4{\times}4$ QFN carrier for evaluation. Using a downlink LTE signal with a PAPR of 6.5 dB and a channel bandwidth of 10 MHz for the 2.6 GHz band, the power amplifier MMIC exhibited a gain of 30 dB, a drain efficiency of 32%, and an ACLR of -31.4 dBc at an average output power of 36 dBm. Using two power amplifier MMICs for the carrier and peaking amplifiers, a Doherty power amplifier was designed and implemented. At a 6 dB back-off output power level of 39 dBm, a gain of 24.7 dB and a drain efficiency of 43.5% were achieved.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.528-539
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• 2004

It is essential in commercial reactors that the safety limits imposed on the fuel pellets and fuel clad barriers, such as the linear power density (LPD) and the departure from nucleate boiling ratio (DNBR), are not violated during reactor operations. In order to accurately monitor the safety limits of current reactor states, a detailed three-dimensional (3D) core power distribution should be estimated from the in-core detector signals. In this paper, we propose a calculation methodology for detailed 3D core power distribution, using in-core detector signals and core monitoring constants such as the 3D Coupling Coefficients (3DCC), node power fraction, and pin-to-node factors. Also, the calculation method for several core safety parameters is introduced. The core monitoring constants for the real core state are promptly provided by the core design code and on-line MASTER (Multi-purpose Analyzer for Static and Transient Effects of Reactors), coupled with the core monitoring program. through the plant computer, core state variables, which include reactor thermal power, control rod bank position, boron concentration, inlet moderator temperature, and flow rate, are supplied as input data for MASTER. MASTER performs the core calculation based on the neutron balance equation and generates several core monitoring constants corresponding to the real core state in addition to the expected core power distribution. The accuracy of the developed method is verified through a comparison with the current CECOR method. Because in all the verification calculation cases the proposed method shows a more conservative value than the best estimated value and a less conservative one than the current CECOR and COLSS methods, it is also confirmed that this method secures a greater operating margin through the simulation of the YGN-3 Cycle-1 core from the viewpoint of the power peaking factor for the LPD and the pseudo hot pin axial power distribution for the DNBR calculation.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.51-59
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 입력신호의 Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAR) 에 따라 원하는 출력전력 백-오프 (Output Power Back-Off, OPBO) 구간에서 최적의 효율특성을 가지는 반전 타입의 비대칭 도허티 전력증폭기의 설계 방법을 제안하였다. 원하는 OPBO 구간에서 비대칭 도허티 전력증폭기의 최적 효율특성을 얻기 위해 주 증폭기와 피킹 증폭기의 피크 전력비를 결정하였고 피크 전력비에 따른 $90^{\circ}$ 임피던스 변환기의 정확한 임피던스 값을 도출 하였다. 또한 비대칭 도허티 전력증폭기 설계시 최적의 성능을 얻기 위해 오프셋 라인의 길이와 전력 분배비를 계산하였다. 측정결과, 비대칭 도허티 전력증폭기는 CDMA 2000 1x 3-FA 테스트 신호에 대해서 평균 출력 전력 48.7 dBm에서 40%의 전력 효율과 -35 dBc의 인접 채널전력비를 얻었다.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.351-356
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 마이크로파 대역의 주파수를 이용해 고효율 도허티 전력 증폭기를 설계 및 제작하였다. 도허티 전력증폭기는 MRF 281 LDMOS FET를 사용하여 구현하였고, 도허티 전력 증폭기의 성능을 AB급 증폭기만 있을 때와 비교하였다. 측정결과, 구현한 도허티 전력 증폭기는 P1dB 출력전력이 2.3GHz 주파수에서 33.0dBm을 가진다. 또한, 도허티 증폭기는 주파수 $2.3GHz\sim2.4GHz$에서 이득은 11dB, 입력 반사손실 -17.8dB를 얻었다. 설계된 도허티 증폭기는 AB급 증폭기만 있을 때와 비교해서 평균 PAE는 10% 이상 개선됨을 보였고, 설계된 도허티 증폭기의 최대 PAE는 39%를 갖는다.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회 및 창립 30주년 심포지엄(논문집)
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• pp.91-96
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 마이크로파 대역의 주파수를 이용해 고효율 도허티 전력 증폭기를 설계 및 제작하였다. 도허티 전력증폭기는 MRF 281 LDMOS FET를 사용하여 구현하였고, 도허티 전력 증폭기의 성능을 AB급 증폭기만 있을 때와 비교하였다. 측정결과, 구현한 도허티 전력 증폭기는 PldB 출력전력이 2.3GHz 주파수에서 33.0dBm을 가진다. 또한, 도허티 증폭기는 주파수 $2.3GHz{\sim}2.4GHz$에서 이득은 11dB, 입력 반사손실-17.8dB를 보인다. 설계된 도허티 증폭기는 AB급 증폭기만 있을 때와 비교해서 평균 PAE는 10% 이상 개선됨을 보였고, 설계된 도허티 증폭기의 최대 PAE는 39%를 갖는다.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.72-79
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• 2010

본 논문은 GaN HEMT (Gallium Nitride High Electron Mobility Transistor)를 이용하여 Class-E 스위칭 모드를 적용한 S-대역 레이더용 고효율 스위칭 도허티 전력증폭기를 설계 및 제작하였다. 제안된 도허티 전력증폭기는 캐리어 증폭기와 피킹 증폭기가 고효율 특성을 갖는 Class-E 스위칭 모드로 구성되었다. 측정을 위한 입력 RF 신호는 $100\;{\mu}s$의 펄스폭과 1 kHz의 PRF (Pulse Repetition Frequency)인 duty 10%인 펄스 신호를 사용하였다. 2.85 GHz의 주파수 대역에서 스위칭 도허티 전력증폭기 측정결과 포화전력에서 6 dB 떨어진 지점의 전력부가 효율 (power-added efficiency, PAE) 및 드레인 효율 (drain efficiency)은 각각 64%와 80.6%로 측정되었다.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2011

본 논문에서 출력 전력 백-오프 구간을 확장하기 위한 고출력 고효율 불균형 도허티 전력 증폭기를 제안하였다. 제안된 불균형 전력증폭기는 기존의 대칭형 도허티 전력증폭기처럼 주 증폭기와 보조 증폭기에 같은 트랜지스터를 사용하는 구조이며 주 증폭기의 출력에 연결되어 있는 ${\lambda}/4$ 변환기의 임피던스를 변형하여서 구간을 확장할 수 있다. 제안된 불균형 도허티 전력증폭기는 기존의 백-오프 출력 구간을 확장하기 위한 비대칭 도허티 전력증폭기와 비교해서 구조가 더 간단함에도 불구하고 유사한 효율과 선형성 특성을 갖는다. 제안된 증폭기의 성능을 증명하기 위해서 CDMA2000 1FA 신호를 입력으로 사용하여 46 W 도허티 전력증폭기를 설계 및 제작하였다. 제작된 불균형 도허티 전력증폭기에서 35 %의 효율과 885 kHz 오프셋 주파수에서 ACPR -34 dBc 그리고 1.98 MHz 오프셋 주파수에서 ACPR -35.6 dBc를 얻었다.