• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.103-110
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• 1996

This survey was conducted to investigate the situation of three types of laying hen houses and farmers' awareness of farm automation. Six windowless, three high-rising windowless and four open-sided laying hen houses were surveyed to compare their characteristics, and sixty farmers answered questionnaires. 1. Population density of laying hen was 13.9 birds/m^2$ in open-sided, 28.9 birds/m^2$ in high-rising windowless, and 44.9 birds/m^2$ in windowless laying hen houses. 2. Feeder space was $12{\sim}13.5cm$ in open-sided laying hen houses, but feeder space of windowless and high-rising hen houses was narrower than that of open-sided laying hen houses. 3. Thermal resistance values were $14.6{\sim}18.7\;m^2\;{\circ}C/W$ in wall, #22.0{\sim}23.7\;m^2\;{\circ}C/W$ in roof of windowless and high-rising windowless laying hen houses but the wall of open-sided laying hen houses was only $1.9\;m^2\;{\circ}C/W$. 4. Maximum ventilation capacity was 0.161{\sim}0.326$ cmm/bird in summer. Minimum rate of tunnel Ventilation laying hen houses in winter was $0.013{\sim}0.040$ cmm/bird, but minimum rate of crossflow and high-rising windowless laying hen houses was larger than that of tunnel ventilation houses. 5. One person managed about 8,100 birds in open-sided, and about 23,500 birds in windowless and high-rising windowless laying hen houses. 7. 90.7% of farmers responsed that they want to construct automatized laying hen houses in the future.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.767-777
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• 2014

Characterizing local chicken types and their mostly rural production systems is prerequisite for designing and implementing development and conservation programs. This study evaluated the management practices of small-scale chicken keepers and the phenotypic and production traits of their chickens in Oman, where conservation programs for local livestock breeds have currently started. Free-range scavenging was the dominant production system, and logistic regression analysis showed that socio-economic factors such as training in poultry keeping, household income, income from farming and gender of chicken owners influenced feeding, housing, and health care practices (p<0.05). A large variation in plumage and shank colors, comb types and other phenotypic traits within and between Omani chicken populations were observed. Male and female body weight differed (p<0.05), being $1.3{\pm}0.65$ kg and $1.1{\pm}0.86$ kg respectively. Flock size averaged $22{\pm}7.7$ birds per household with 4.8 hens per cock. Clutch size was $12.3{\pm}2.85$ and annual production $64.5{\pm}2.85$ eggs per hen. Egg hatchability averaged $88{\pm}6.0%$ and annual chicken mortality across all age and sex categories was $16{\pm}1.4%$. The strong involvement of women in chicken keeping makes them key stakeholders in future development and conservation programs, but the latter should be preceded by a comprehensive study of the genetic diversity of the Omani chicken populations.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.444-452
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• 2022

Objective: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of crude protein (CP) and two rearing systems (cage and floor), on blood parameters and digestive and reproductive organ development of brown laying hens. Methods: A total of 400 Hisex Brown laying hens between 30 and 45 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design and a 2×4 factorial arrangement, with main effects including two rearing systems (cage and floor) and levels of CP (140, 150, 160, and 180 g/kg), in a total of eight treatments and five replicates of 10 birds each with initial body weight of 1,877 g (laying hen in cage) and 1,866 g (laying hens in floor). The parameters evaluated were plasma total protein, albumin, uric acid, total cholesterol, relative weights of oviduct, abdominal fat, liver, gizzard, crest and dewlap, length of small intestine and oviduct. Results: The blood parameters were similar in birds reared in cage and floor systems. The birds reared on the floor showed greater small intestine and oviduct weight (%) and lower liver and pancreas weight (%). A significant interaction was observed between factors for the relative gizzard, crest and dewlap weight, serum protein, uric acid, and total cholesterol (p<0.05). The diets with 140 g/kg CP resulted in lower serum protein and lower cholesterol in birds reared in floor system, while birds reared in cage system showed no effect of CP on both parameters. Birds reared in cage and fed with 140 and 150 g/kg CP presented lower uric acid. The group of birds reared in floor system fed 180 g/kg had greater uric acid. Conclusion: The dietary protein level can be reduced up to 140 g/kg for Hisex Brown hens (30 to 45 weeks of age) without an important effect on metabolic profile and organ development in both rearing systems.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.253-262
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• 2013

본 연구는 오리사의 바닥 형태와 난방 방법에 따른 오리의 성장 특성 및 사육 환경의 변화 양상을 비교 분석하기 위하여 수행하였다. 3처리 4반복에 반복구별로 육용오리 25수씩 총 300수를 공시하여 6주간 시험을 실시하였다. 평사 직접 난방은 일반적인 사육 방식으로 설치하였고, 바닥 난방은 PVC 파이프를 이용해 온돌식 난방으로 설치하였다. 고상식 처리구는 플라스틱 망을 지상에서 50 cm 정도 높이에 고정하여 오리분이 바닥으로 통과하여 배출되도록 하였다. 6주령 생산성에서 체중 및 사료 섭취량은 처리구간에 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았으나, 사료 요구율은 고상식 직접 난방이 평사 직접 난방에 비하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 도체율 및 부분육의 비율은 평사 바닥 난방에서 복강 지방량이 0.8%로 가장 낮은 것을 제외하고 전반적으로 처리구 간에 큰 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 3주령부터 5주령까지 오리사 내 이산화탄소와 암모니아의 농도는 평사 직접 난방이 다른 처리구에 비하여 높게 측정되었다. 평사에서 깔짚 수분 함량은 직접 난방이 바닥 난방에 비해 높게 나타났으나, 이와 반대로 공기 중 분진량은 바닥 난방에서 높게 나타났다. 직접난방 처리구에서 연료 소모량은 고상식이 평사에 비하여 6주 동안 약 21% 적게 소모되었다. 오리의 외관 상태를 관찰한 결과, 오리가 깔짚과 플라스틱 망의 영향을 받아 뒤로 눕거나 다리 벌림, 발목이나 다리가 휘는 현상, 발바닥 상처 등 특이 증상이 일부 관찰되었다. 3주령과 6주령에 조사한 혈구 분석 결과는 처리구간 유의적 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 본 실험 결과, 일반 농가에서 사용하는 평사 직접 난방에 비하여 바닥 난방이나 고상식 바닥의 오리사 시설은 생산성에서 유의적 효과는 나타나지 않았으나, 일부 환경 개선이나 오리의 상태 변화에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 현재까지 오리사 시설에 대한 연구가 매우 부족하다는 점을 감안할 때 향후 추가적인 연구를 통한 시설개선 노력이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.122-142
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• 2012

The importance of rainfed areas and animal agriculture on productivity enhancement and food security for economic rural growth in Asia is discussed in the context of opportunities for increasing potential contribution from them. The extent of the rainfed area of about 223 million hectares and the biophysical attributes are described. They have been variously referred to inter alia as fragile, marginal, dry, waste, problem, threatened, range, less favoured, low potential lands, forests and woodlands, including lowlands and uplands. Of these, the terms less favoured areas (LFAs), and low or high potential are quite widely used. The LFAs are characterised by four key features: i) very variable biophysical elements, notably poor soil quality, rainfall, length of growing season and dry periods, ii) extreme poverty and very poor people who continuously face hunger and vulnerability, iii) presence of large populations of ruminant animals (buffaloes, cattle, goats and sheep), and iv) have had minimum development attention and an unfinished wanting agenda. The rainfed humid/sub-humid areas found mainly in South East Asia (99 million ha), and arid/semi-arid tropical systems found in South Asia (116 million ha) are priority agro-ecological zones (AEZs). In India for example, the ecosystem occupies 68% of the total cultivated area and supports 40% of the human and 65% of the livestock populations. The area also produces 4% of food requirements. The biophysical and typical household characteristics, agricultural diversification, patterns of mixed farming and cropping systems are also described. Concerning animals, their role and economic importance, relevance of ownership, nomadic movements, and more importantly their potential value as the entry point for the development of LFAs is discussed. Two examples of demonstrated success concern increasing buffalo production for milk and their expanded use in semi-arid AEZs in India, and the integration of cattle and goats with oil palm in Malaysia. Revitalised development of the LFAs is justified by the demand for agricultural land to meet human needs e.g. housing, recreation and industrialisation; use of arable land to expand crop production to ceiling levels; increasing and very high animal densities; increased urbanisation and pressure on the use of available land; growing environmental concerns of very intensive crop production e.g. acidification and salinisation with rice cultivation; and human health risks due to expanding peri-urban poultry and pig production. The strategies for promoting productivity growth will require concerted R and D on improved use of LFAs, application of systems perspectives for technology delivery, increased investments, a policy framework and improved farmer-researcher-extension linkages. These challenges and their resolution in rainfed areas can forcefully impact on increased productivity, improved livelihoods and human welfare, and environmental sustainability in the future.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.1619-1637
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• 2000

A review was undertaken to obtain information on the range of beak-trimming methods available or under development. Beak-trimming of commercial layer replacement pullets is a common yet critical management tool that can affect the performance for the life of the flock. The most obvious advantage of beak-trimming is a reduction in cannibalism although the extent of the reduction in cannibalism depends on the strain, season, and type of housing, flock health and other factors. Beak-trimming also improves feed conversion by reducing food wastage. A further advantage of beak-trimming is a reduction in the chronic stress associated with dominance interactions in the flock. Beak-trimming of birds at 7-10 days is favoured by Industry but research over last 10 years has shown that beak-trimming at day-old causes the least stress on birds and efforts are needed to encourage Industry to adopt the practice of beak-trimming birds at day-old. Proper beak-trimming can result in greatly improved layer performance but improper beak-trimming can ruin an other wise good flock of hens. Re-trimming is practiced in most flocks, although there are some flocks that only need one trimming. Given the continuing welfare scrutiny of using a hot blade to cut the beak, attempts have been made to develop more welfare friendly methods of beak-trimming. Despite the developments in design of hot blade beak-trimmers the process has remained largely unchanged. That is, a red-hot blade cuts and cauterises the beak. The variables in the process are blade temperature, cauterisation time, operator ability, severity of trimming, age of trimming, strain of bird and beak length. This method of beak-trimming is still overwhelmingly favoured in Industry and there appears to be no other alternative procedures that are more effective. Sharp secateurs have been used trim the upper beak of both layers and turkeys. Bleeding from the upper mandible ceases shortly after the operation, and despite the regrowth of the beak a reduction of cannibalism has been reported. Very few differences have been noted between behaviour and production of the hot blade and cold blade cut chickens. This method has not been used on a large scale in Industry. There are anecdotal reports of cannibalism outbreaks in birds with regrown beaks. A robotic beak-trimming machine was developed in France, which permitted simultaneous, automated beak-trimming and vaccination of day-old chicks of up to 4,500 chickens per hour. Use of the machine was not successful because if the chicks were not loaded correctly they could drop off the line, receive excessive beak-trimming or very light trimming. Robotic beak-trimming was not effective if there was a variation in the weight or size of chickens. Capsaicin can cause degeneration of sensory nerves in mammals and decreases the rate of beak regrowth by its action on the sensory nerves. Capsaicin is a cheap, non-toxic substance that can be readily applied at the time of less severe beak-trimming. It suffers the disadvantage of causing an extreme burning sensation in operators who come in contact with the substance during its application to the bird. Methods of applying the substance to minimise the risk to operators of coming in contact with capsaicin need to be explored. A method was reported which cuts the beaks with a laser beam in day-old chickens. No details were provided on the type of laser used, or the severity of beak-trimming, but by 16 weeks the beaks of laser trimmed birds resembled the untrimmed beaks, but without the bill tip. Feather pecking and cannibalism during the laying period were highest among the laser trimmed hens. Currently laser machines are available that are transportable and research to investigate the effectiveness of beak-trimming using ablasive and coagulative lasers used in human medicine should be explored. Liquid nitrogen was used to declaw emu toes but was not effective. There was regrowth of the claws and the time and cost involved in the procedure limit the potential of using this process to beak-trim birds.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.85-95
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 폐가스 가습조(유동상호기 및 무산소조)를 포함한 바이오필터공정으로 이루어진 바이오필터시스템을 구축하여, 돈사 및 계사 설비, 퇴비공장 또는 공공시설에서 발생되는 황화수소, 암모니아 및 휘발성 유기화합물을 포함한 악취폐가스에 대한 처리효율을 제고하고 적정 작업조건을 구축하였다. 복합 악취폐가스 처리실험에서, 암모니아 부하의 경우 폐가스 가습조에서 약 75%가 제거되고, 후 공정인 바이오필터에서 20%이상 제거되었다. 톨루엔 부하의 경우 폐가스 가습조에서 약 20%가 제거되고, 후공정인 바이오필터에서 70% 이상 제거되었다. 따라서 물에 용해도가 높은 암모니아의 경우에는 폐가스 가습조에서 주로 제거되었고, 용해도가 낮은 톨루엔의 경우는 바이오필터에서 주로 제거되었다. 한편 황화수소는 폐가스 가습조에서 거의 흡수되어 바이오필터에서 검출되지 않았다. 황화수소 및 톨루엔의 공급을 중단하였을 때에, 암모니아 부하는 폐가스 가습조에서 약 65%가 제거되고 후 공정인 바이오필터에서 나머지 약 35% 정도가 제거되어, 거의 100%의 암모니아 부하가 제거되었다. 폐가스 가습조에서는 암모니아 외에 톨루엔 및 황화수소의 부하가 추가된 복합 악취폐가스의 경우보다 약 10% 더 적게 암모니아가 제거되었는데, 이것은 탈질에 필요한 톨루엔과 같은 유기화합물의 공급 중단에 기인하였다. 바이오필터시스템의 feed가, 1)복합 악취폐가스일 때, 2)암모니아 폐가스일 때에; 기존 폐가스 가습조 용수에 yeast extract를 보충한 경우 또는 yeast extract를 첨가하지 않고 탄소원으로 glucose를 첨가한 경우, 각각의 경우에 폐가스 가습조에서 흡수되는 암모니아질소 흡수율은, 각각 약 0.28 mg/min, 약 0.23 mg/min 및 약 0.27 mg/min으로 산출되었다. 한편 각각의 무산소조에서 탈질율은 0.42 mg/min, 0.55 mg/min, 및 약 0.27 mg/min이었다. 또한 폐가스 가습조(유동상 호기조)의 bubble column 모델링에서 유동상 호기조 단위부피당 bubble의 비표면적(a)과 향상된 물질전달계수(E $K_y$)의 곱의 값은 0.12/hr로 평가되었다.