• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.561-566
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• 2017

Dendropanax morbifera Lev. is known in Korea for its golden sap and medicinal properties. The many biological activities of the leaf and stem extracts suggest that this tree could be a valuable source of medicinal compounds for the treatment of various ailments such as dermatitis, migraines, dysmenorrhea, muscle pain, and infectious diseases. However, there is little information on the composition and biological activity of the volatile fraction of D. morbifera. Therefore, in this study, the volatile compounds in leaves, stems, and sap of D. morbifera were isolated using solvent and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to reveal their chemical composition and identify potential compounds of interest. Fifteen compounds were identified in the leaf extracts, whereas 29 and 3 compounds were identified in the stem and sap extracts, respectively. The volatile profiles obtained using solvent and SFE differed. Esters and aromatic hydrocarbons predominated in the solvent extract of leaves and SFE extract of stems, whereas the solvent extract of stems and SFE extract of leaves contained terpenoids. Limonene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, and ${\beta}$-myrcene were identified in the volatile extract of sap, with limonene representing 96.30% of the total peak area. In addition, the antiproliferative effects of the solvent extracts of leaves and stems were evaluated, revealing that these solvent extracts were particularly effective in decreasing the proliferation of HepG2 cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2012

Transport of marine debris between countries is a potential source of diplomatic conflicts. U-i Island in Shinan County, Jeonnam Province has been reported by media as being damaged by marine debris from foreign countries. However, scientific researches on those marine debris have not been published. So, the features of foreign marine debris on Seongchon Beach in U-i Island were surveyed on Feb. 2012. The ratio of marine debris from foreign countries was 34.7% by number of items, 56.3% by weight, and 48.5% by volume in $200m^2$ transacts. Most of them, 98.9% in number, were inferred to be originated from China. The most abundant items were plastic beverage bottles and black floats. The total number of black floats was 539 within the 1,100m beach. Fifteen of them had information on manufactured locations, of which 87.6% were Liaoning Province in northern China. As domestic policy cannot prevent the inflow of the marine debris from foreign countries, countermeasures should be sought out from the international cooperation with the neighboring countries. For the black floats, recycling method should be developed as lots of the same types of black floats are drifted ashore in winter. And, as the U-i Island is a National Park with its valuable natural heritages, methods should be designed to minimize impacts on dune topography and ecology.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2015.11a
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• pp.11-11
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• 2015

A total of sixty-six samples of Nuruk, a fermention starter used to make the Korean traditional rice wine, Makgeolli, were collected from central and southern regions of Korea in 2013 and 2014. We classified two groups of the Nuruk samples, "commercial" and "home-made", according to the manufacturing procedure and purpose of use. Commercial Nuruks were made in a controlled environment where the temperature and humidity are fixed and the final product is supplied to Makgeolli manufacturers. Home-made Nuruks were made under uncontrolled conditions in the naturally opened environment and were intended for use in the production of small amounts of home-brewed Makgeolli. We obtained more than five hundred isolates including filamentous fungi and yeasts from the Nuruk samples followed by identification of fungal species. Also we stored glycerol stocks of each single isolate at $-70^{\circ}C$. We identified the species of each isolate based on the sequences of ITS regions amplified with two different universal primer pairs. We also performed morphological characterization of the filamentous fungi and yeast species through observations under the microscope. We investigated the major fungal species of commercial and home-made Nuruks by counting the colony forming units (CFU) and analyzing the occurrence tendency of fungal species. While commercial Nuruks contained mostly high CFU of yeasts, home-made Nuruks showed relatively high occurrence of filamentous fungi. One of the representative Nuruk manufacturers used both domestic wheat bran and imported ones, mainly from US, as raw material. Depending on the source of ingredient, the fungal diversity was somewhat different. Another commercial Nuruk sample was collected twice, once in 2013 and again in 2014, and showed different diversity of fungal species in each year. Nuruks obtained from the southern regions of Korea and Jeju island showed high frequency of yeast such as Saccharomycopsis fibuligera and Pichia species as well as unique filamentous fungus, Monascus species. S. fibuligera was easily found in many Nuruk samples with high CFU. The major filamentous fungi were Aspergillus, Lichtheimia, Mucor and Penicillium species. In order to further our understanding of the isolates and their potential industrial applications, we assayed three enzymes, alpha amylase, glucoamylase and acid protease from 140 isolates out of about five hundred isolates and selected about 10 excellent strains with high enzyme activities. With these fungal isolates, we will perform omics analyses including genomics, transcriptomics, metabolic pathway analyses, and metabolomics followed by whole genome sequencing of unique isolates associated with the basic research of Nuruk and that also has applications in the Makgeolli making process.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.297-305
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• 2014

Red ginseng (RG) contains specific ginsenosides (Rg2, Rg3) which show various pharmacological effects and absorption rate in the body better than panax ginseng. Therefore many people have been used it for health for a long time. Furthermore, many researchers have been studying its biological activities for a long times because fermentation generates lots of beneficial small molecules good for health. In this study, we fermented red ginseng with mycelium of Leatiporus sulphures var. miniatus for 7 days. As a result, we found that three ginsenosides Rg1, Re and Rb2 were decreased from 0.24, 0.25, 0.16 mg/g to 0.12, 0.1, 0.03 mg/g respectively HPLC analysis. In addition, we studied biological activities of fermented red ginseng (FRG) about skin ageing such as anti-inflammation, cell migration, anti-oxidation, collagen type 1 synthesis, and MMP-1 inhibition activities. As a result, FRG were shown higher anti-inflammatory and cell migration promoting activities than RG. FRG inhibited production of nitric oxide (NO) and mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and decreased interleukin (IL)-6 induced by LPS stimulation in RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, this study suggest that FRG could be a potential source as a new natural anti-inflammatory agent.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2014

In this study, the biological activity of water and ethanol extracts from Saururus chinensis by ultra-fine grinding for functional food source are examined. It is more effective to use ethanol than water when extracting phenolic compounds. Approximately 2.5 times higher extraction yield were shown when it was ultra-fine grinded because the particle size decreases, thereby increasing the extraction yield. Normal grinded sample extracts showed 69.8% of DPPH inhibition effect, while fine grinded and ultra-fine grinded sample extracts showed 70.7% and 83.8% each, respectively. Normal extract, as well as fine grinded and ultra-fine grinded extracts, showed over 97% of ABTS inhibition effect, thereby indicating only a slight difference in the anti-oxidative activity with the grinding method. Higher PF was determined with fine grinded and ultra-fine grinded extracts than the normal grinded extract, while ultra-fine grinded 50% ethanol extracts showed the highest anti-oxidative activity value of 1.8 PF. The fine grinded and ultra-fine grinded particle sizes are smaller than the normal grinded particle size, thus increasing the inhibition rate of the TBARS. Furthermore, the ethanol extract was revealed to have a higher effect than the water extracts. The xanthin oxidase inhibition, on the other hand, was identified as ultra-fine grinded that led to the increase in the enzyme inhibition effect. In the angiotensin-converting enzyme, water extracts with normal grinding did not show inhibition activity, while 50% ethanol extracts showed 24% inhibition activity. Moreover, the ethanol extracts showed higher inhibition effect compared to the water extracts. Ultra-fine grinded 50% ethanol extracts showed a slight antibacterial effect on the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, while the other extracts showed none. The result suggests that Saururus chinensis extracts by ultra-fine grinding may be more useful than normal grinding as potential sources due to anti-oxidation, angiotensin converting enzyme and xanthine oxidase inhibition.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.253-272
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• 2015

The necessity of aggregate resources in Korea has been increased with a rapid economic growth since the 1990s. Construction activities have been increased drastically for last two decades. Such economic activities are much concentrated at big cities in Korea, and recently new neighbouring cities, such as multifunctional administrative city, enterprise city and innocity, are under construction at the surroundings of the cities. This new urbanization asked for an appropriate supply of raw construction materials such as cement, sands and gravels. The aim of this study is to understand and discuss the analysis and prospect of supply and demand of domestic sand and gravel. On the early years, 1990s, about 25% of the total consumption of these sands and gravels comes from riverine deposits; 20% to 25% from marine sands, 40% to 45% from forest rocks and the rest 5% to 15% from old fluvial deposits and crushed rocks. But nowaday the river aggregate, including both sands and gravels of a present river channel and those of the old fluviatile system are decreasing, while the crushed and forest aggregates and marine sand are now the main source of infrastructure resources. Thus it is increasingly necessary to investigate the forest and crushed aggregate resources potential in Korea where a current analysis indicate that the supply of riverine aggregates gradually decreases.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.342-347
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• 2013

In recent years, polyphenol-rich herbs, fruits and processed foods, which are made of plant origin, have attracted much attention due to their potential health benefits. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important source of bioactive compounds and has been used to treat diseases because of its medicinal properties. This research was focused on characterizing Korea's national cultivar and a similar product from California, USA. To evaluate their bioactive compounds and pharmacological activities, their anti-oxidation and cancer inhibition properties, as well as their organic acid and free sugar contents, were investigated. The national cultivar had low total sugar and high organic acid contents, contrary to the imported product. The results showed that the peel of national cultivar had high polyphenol and ellagic acid contents compared to imported product. The free radical scavenging capacity was evaluated via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and its positive correlation with the total polyphenol contents was found. The anti-cancer activity of methanol extracts revealed growth inhibition against the prostate cancer cell. These results signify that while pomegranate, national cultivar, is more sour than the imported product, its health benefits could be excellent. Also, the polyphenol compound content of the non-edible part (such as the peel and the seed) was higher than that of the juice. Thus, it is suggested that the byproduct of the juice extraction could be potentially used in other fields such as medicine or dietary agents.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2011

Oudemansiella mucida, an edible and medicinal mushrooms belonging to Tricholomataceae of Basidiomycota, has been known to produce antifungal substances to inhibit the mycelial growth and spore germination of the plant pathogenic fungi. To produce good amount of antifungal substances from culture media, the optimal culture conditions of O. mucida were investigated. The most favorable conditions for the mycelial growth were $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 5 in potato dextrose agar. The most favorable carbon and nitrogen sources promoting mycelial growth were maltose and calcium nitrate, respectively. The optimum C/N ratio was about 20 : 1 in case that 3% glucose was supplemented to the basal medium as a carbon source. The optimal mycelial growth of O. mucida was found in the Hennerberg medium. The crude extract from submerged culture of potato dextrose broth exhibited inhibition of mycelial growth of Colletotrichum acutatum, Botrytis cinerea and Pyricularia oryzae but, fungicidal activity is not good enough to compared with commercially available fungicides tested. Therefore, the antifungal substances extracted from submerged culture of O. mucida might have a potential to be used for biocontrol agent of fungal diseases of plants.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.329-335
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• 2008

Korean Deep ground sea-like water (KDSW) has a similar mineral composition with deep sea water. KDSW has demonstrated its usefulness and attracted in the medical fields. KDSW and Danasoo (desalted deep ground sea-like water) intake improve antioxidant, antidiabetic activity and immunity. Antioxidant activities of KDSW and Dnansoo were measured by using 2,2-diphenyl-l-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, superoxide dismutase-like activity (SODA) and photochemiluminescence (PCL). DPPH radical scavenging and SOD-like activities of KDSW and Danasoo were remarkably increased in a dose-dependent manner. Antioxidant activities of KDSW and Danasoo 85.32 and 14.02 nmol of ascorbic acid equivalent/ml KDSW and Danasoo, respectively, using the PCL method. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in macrophages RAW264.7 cells was inhibited up to 30% by treatment with Danasoo (20%). NO is synthesized by the enzyme of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and plays an important role tumor growth and angiogenesis. The anticancer effects of Danasoo on human gastric and lung cancer cells was performed by levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Danasoo significantly reduced iNOS expression of human gastric cancer (SNU-l) and lung carcinoma (A549). The serum glucose level was significantly reduced by Danasoo (20%) diet in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. These result suggest that KDSW has excellent biological activities and thus it has great potential as a source for natural health products.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.399-405
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• 2013

This study was carried out to analyze the effects on antioxidative, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities of Parthenocissus tricuspidata (PT) stem extracts. The total phenolic contents of hot water and ethanol extracts from PT stems were 61.5 mg TAE/g and 122.1 mg TAE/g, respectively. The antioxidative activities of hot water and ethanol extracts from PT stem were measured by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of ethanol extract and butanol fraction were approximately 95% and 92% at 1 mg/ml, respectively, and the SOD activities of ethanol extract and butanol fraction were about 91% and 97% at 1 mg/ml, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging and SOD activities of ethanol extract and butanol fraction from PT stem increased remarkably increased in a dose-dependent manner and were higher than in the hot water extracts. Compared to the acarbose, a known anti-diabetic drug, which was used as a positive control, the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory capacity of PT stem showed a strong inhibitory rate in ethanol extract and in butanol and hexane fractions. We investigated the effect of hot water extract from PT stem on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. Hot water extract from PT stem inhibited LPS-induced NO production up to 40% at a treatment of 1 mg/ml. These results suggest that PT stem extracts have an effect on antioxidative, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities and thus have great potential as antidiabetic materials and a source for natural health products.