• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.10.1-10.7
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• 2014

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with citrus pulp, fish by-product, and Bacillus subtilis fermentation biomass on the growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and fecal microflora of weanling pigs. A total of 180 weaned piglets (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc) were randomly allotted to three treatments on the basis of body weight (BW). There were six replicate pens in each treatment with 10 piglets per pen. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 2.5, and 5.0% citrus pulp, fish by-product, and B. subtilis fermentation biomass. The isocaloric and isoproteineous experimental diets were fed in mash form in two phases (d 0 ~ 14, phase I and d 15 ~ 28, phase II). Dietary treatments had significant linear effects on gain to feed ratio (G:F) in all periods, whereas significant linear effects on ATTD of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and ash were only observed in phase I. Piglets fed diet supplemented with 5.0% citrus pulp, fish by-product, and B. subtilis fermentation biomass showed greater (p < 0.05) G:F (phase I, phase II, and overall) as well as ATTD of DM, GE, and ash (phase I) than pigs fed control diet. Dietary treatments also had significant linear effects on total anaerobic bacteria populations by d 14 and 28. In addition, piglets fed diet supplemented with 5.0% citrus pulp, fish by-product and B. subtilis fermentation biomass showed greater (p < 0.05) fecal total anaerobic bacteria populations (d 14 and 28) than pigs fed control diet. Dietary treatments had no significant effects (linear or quadratic) on average daily gain (ADG), average dial feed intake (ADFI; phase I, phase II, and overall), or fecal populations of Bifidobacterium spp., Clostridium spp., and coliforms (d 14 and 28). These results indicate that dietary supplementation with 5.0% citrus pulp, fish by-product, and B. subtilis fermentation biomass has the potential to improve the feed efficiency, nutrient digestibility, and fecal microflora of weanling pigs.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.427-432
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• 1997

Re-188 is useful candidate for therapeutic radionuclide because it has a physical half life of 17 hours, contains beta emissions suitable for therapy(maximum energy 2.12MeV) and emits a gamma ray that is suitable for quantitative diagnostic scanning(155keV). To use Re-188 as a radionuclide compound of angioplasty balloon radiotherapy, we investigated the labelling method and biodistribution of Re-188-DTPA We postulated that labeled Re-188-DTPA is preferable because it would be excreted via urinary system more easily than other compounds. To label Re-188 with DTPA, 1ml of 222MBq(6mCi) of Re-188 was added to DTPA solution(DTPA 20mg, $SnCl_2{\cdot}2H_2O$ 10mg, pH 3.5) and boiled at $100^{\circ}C$ for 120min in water bath. pH was adjusted to 5 with 2.3% sodium acetate. Labeling efficiency was measured using TLC-SG(acetone, saline). We evaluated biodistribution of Re-188-DTPA in sacrificed mice at 10 and 60 minutes after injection. We acquired images of kidneys, and drew time-activity curves in normal dogs and rats and calculated Tmax and Tl/2 in rats. The labelling efficiency was 95.7% on average. Labelling of Re-188-DTPA was.stable(90% after 5hours) in vitro at room temperature. According to time-activity curves of dogs and rats, it took 15 to 20 minutes after injection for Re-188-DTPA to be washed out through kidneys. In conclusion, Re-188-DTPA was successfully labeled, Re-188-DTPA was stable in vitro and was excreted early via kidneys in animals. We could recommend Re-188-DTPA as radionuclide of potential use in angioplasty balloon radiotherapy.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2016

Background: Rhizospheric fungi play an essential role in the plantesoil ecosystem, affecting plant growth and health. In this study, we evaluated the fungal diversity in the rhizosphere soil of 2-yr-old healthy Panax notoginseng cultivated in Wenshan, China. Methods: Culture-independent Illumina MiSeq and culture-dependent techniques, combining molecular and morphological characteristics, were used to analyze the rhizospheric fungal diversity. A diffusion test was used to challenge the phytopathogens of P. notoginseng. Results: A total of 16,130 paired-end reads of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 were generated and clustered into 860 operational taxonomic units at 97% sequence similarity. All the operational taxonomic units were assigned to five phyla and 79 genera. Zygomycota (46.2%) and Ascomycota (37.8%) were the dominant taxa; Mortierella and unclassified Mortierellales accounted for a large proportion (44.9%) at genus level. The relative abundance of Fusarium and Phoma sequenceswas high, accounting for 12.9% and 5.5%, respectively. In total,113 fungal isolates were isolated from rhizosphere soil. They were assigned to five classes, eight orders (except for an Incertae sedis), 26 genera, and 43 species based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer. Fusarium was the most isolated genus with six species (24 isolates, 21.2%). The abundance of Phoma was also relatively high (8.0%). Thirteen isolates displayed antimicrobial activity against at least one test fungus. Conclusion: Our results suggest that diverse fungi including potential pathogenic ones exist in the rhizosphere soil of 2-yr-old P. notoginseng and that antagonistic isolates may be useful for biological control of pathogens.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 2015

The Far Infrared Ray (FIR) is part of the natural energy as light spectrum of sunlight. Human can disentangle the colors within visible ray, but FIR is invisible to human sight because it has longer wavelength than visible ray. The effect of using FIR on broiler performance, blood biochemical profiles and fecal gas emission from litter. Day-old semi-broiler chicks (Ross ♂ ${\times}$ Hyline ♀) were obtained and assigned to eight pens, 2 replicates of white and green color LED light, and with FIR on each color light, in a 20L:4D of lighting program. The body weight gain and feed efficiency were tend to improve under the green color than white color, which were increased by exposing to FIR on both color light. Emission of ammonia and lower hydrocarbons from litter were not different from each color but there was a decrease by exposing to FIR regardless of light color. The level of blood aspartate aminotransferase (AST) tends to be decreased under green color than white color, and this tendency becomes more pronounced as exposing to FIR. Therefore significantly increased under white color without FIR than green color with FIR (P<0.05). The levels of albumin and immunoglobulin were not different from each color but there was an increase by exposing to FIR regardless of light color. In conclusion, exposing to Far Infrared Ray (FIR) when broiler raising, there is potential to increase broiler performance because of improvement of bioactivity and raising environment.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.279-284
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• 2000

Simultaneous reduction of Cr(VI) and degradation of phenol was observed in batch and bench-scale continuous stirred tank reactors using Rhodococcus sp. CP01 isolated from leachate. The strain CP01, which was capable of utilizing phenol as a sole source of carbon and energy, completely reduced added hexavalent chromium (0.25 mM) to its trivalent form during 60 hr batch assay under optimal conditions (pH 7.0 and 1,000 mg/L of phenol concentration). The rates of Cr(VI) reduction and phenol degradation were estimated as 4.17 $\mu$M Cr(VI) and 38.4 mg phenol.$L^{-1}{\cdot}hr^{-1}$, respectively. The continuous culture experiment was conducted for 46 days using synthetic feed containing different levels of chromate (0.0625 to 0.25 mM) and phenol(1,000 to 4,000 mg/L). With a hydraulic retention time of 100 hr, Cr(VI) reduction efficiency was mostly 100% for influent Cr(VI) and phenol concentrations of 0.125 mM and 3,000 mg/L, respectively. During quasi-steady-state operation, specific rate of Cr(VI) reduction was calculated as 0.34 mg Cr(VI).g $protein^{-1}{\cdot}hr^{-1}$ which was comparable to reported values obtained by using glucose as growth substrate. The results suggest the potential application of biological treatment for detoxification of wastewater contaminated simultaneously with Cr(VI) and pheonol.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.997-1004
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the storage properties of emulsion-type sausage added with Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Curcula longa hot water extracts (GCHE) extracted at $10^{\circ}C$ for 35 days. The TBARS values of sausages containing 1.0 and 5.0% GCHE were lower than that of control. The bacterial count and VBN contents of all the samples were significantly increased during the storage periods, except the group with 5.0% GCHE. The redness of all the samples was lower than that of control, while yellowness of all the samples was higher than that of control. The nitrite scavenging abilities of the sausages containing 1.0 and 5.0% GCHE were higher than that of the control. It is suggested that the addition of 1.0% hot water extracts extracted from these plants may be a potential substitute for the use of nitrite to extend shelf-life of sausages.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.1083-1095
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• 2019

Butyrate is known to play a significant role in energy metabolism and regulating genomic activities that influence rumen nutrition utilization and function. Thus, this study investigated the effects of an isolated butyrate-producing bacteria, Clostridium saccharobutylicum, in rumen butyrate production, fermentation parameters and microbial population in Holstein-Friesian cow. An isolated butyrate-producing bacterium from the ruminal fluid of a Holstein-Friesian cow was identified and characterized as Clostridium saccharobutylicum RNAL841125 using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. The bacterium was evaluated on its effects as supplement on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial population. Supplementation with $10^6CFU/ml$ Clostridium saccharobutylicum increased (p < 0.05) microbial crude protein, butyrate and total volatile fatty acids concentration but had no significant effect on $NH_3-N$ at 24 h incubation. Butyrate and total VFA concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in supplementation with $10^6CFU/ml$ Clostridium saccharobutylicum compared with control, with no differences observed for total gas production, $NH_3-N$ and propionate concentration. However, as the inclusion rate (CFU/ml) of C. saccharobutylicum was increased, reduction of rumen fermentation values was observed. Furthermore, butyrate-producing bacteria and Fibrobacter succinogenes population in the rumen increased in response with supplementation of C. saccharobutylicum, while no differences in the population in total bacteria, protozoa and fungi were observed among treatments. Overall, our study suggests that supplementation with $10^6CFU/ml$ C. saccharobutylicum has the potential to improve ruminal fermentation through increased concentrations of butyrate and total volatile fatty acid, and enhanced population of butyrate-producing bacteria and cellulolytic bacteria F. succinogenes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.574-584
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• 2019

Objective: Research was conducted to test the effect of including fiber-rich feedstuffs in practical pig diets on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and ammonia emissions from slurry. Methods: Three Vietnamese fiber sources were screened, namely cassava leaf meal (CL), cassava root residue (CR), and tofu by-product (TF). Accordingly, a control diet (Con) with 10% of dietary non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and three test diets including one of the three fiber-rich feedstuffs to reach 15% of NSP were formulated. All formulated diets had the same level of crude protein (CP), in vitro ileal protein digestible and metabolisable energy, whereas the in vitro hindgut volatile fatty acid (VFA) production of the test diets was 12% to 20% higher than the control diet. Forty growing barrows with initial body weight at $28.6{\pm}1.93kg$ ($mean{\pm}standard$ deviation) were allocated to the four treatments. When pigs reached about 50 kg of body weight, four pigs from each treatment were used for a nitrogen balance trial and ammonia emission assessment, the remaining six pigs continued the second period of the feeding trial. Results: The TF treatment increased fecal VFA by 33% as compared with the control treatment (p = 0.07), suggesting stimulation of the hindgut fermentation. However, urinary N was not significantly reduced or shifted to fecal N, nor was slurry pH decreased. Accordingly, ammonia emissions were not mitigated. CR and CL treatments failed to enhance in vivo hindgut fermentation, as assessed by fecal VFA and purine bases. On the contrary, the reduction of CP digestibility in the CL treatment enhanced ammonia emissions from slurry. Conclusion: Dietary inclusion of cassava and tofu byproducts through an increase of dietary NSP from 10% to 15% might stimulate fecal VFA excretion but this does not guarantee a reduction in ammonia emissions from slurry, while its interaction with protein digestibility even might enhance enhanced ammonia emission.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.894-899
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• 2001

Intakes and excretions of zinc and copper were determined for 8 female adolescents (aged 16.4$\pm$0.5 y; body mass index 20.4$\pm$1.3kg/$m^2$; body fat 33.3$\pm$2.5%; bone mineral density of lumbar spine in L2-L4; 0.96$\pm$0.08g/$\textrm{cm}^2$) when they consumed diets basal and high in calcium for 6 days each. All subjects consumed a basal Ca diet containing 800 mg, Korean RDA level of the subjects, and a high Ca diet containing 1200mg, RDA plus 2 SDs of calcium intake. The diets provided 58% of energy intake as carbohydrate, 25% as fat, and 17% as protein. Food, urine and fecal samples were collected during the last 3 days of each feeding period and were assayed. Mean daily intakes on the basal and high calcium diets, respectively, were 6.57 and 6.37 mg for zinc and 910 and 812 $\mu\textrm{g}$for copper. Fecal excretion of copper and zinc in relation to intake was significantly greater on the high calcium than on the basal calcium diet. Hence, apparent absorption rate was significantly lowered from 98.7% on the basal calcium diet to 97.9% on the high calcium diet for zinc from 66.3% to 56.4% for copper, respectively. Urinary loss of copper was not detectable but that of zinc was 0.38mg on the basal diet and 0.47mg on the high calcium diet. Copper retention was 899$\pm$105$\mu\textrm{g}$/day on the basal calcium diet and 792$\pm$20.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/day on the high calcium diet, and zinc retention was 3.95$\pm$0.91mg/day and 3.11$\pm$0.89mg/day. Thus, copper and zinc retention was significantly decreased on the high calcium diet (p<0.05). Summarizing the results, apparent absorption and retention of zinc and copper were significantly decreased by calcium supplementation. Therefore, it is suggested that interactions among minerals should be considered in determining RDA.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 2014

In this study, it was found that determined the photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics (lincomycin, LM) with various catalyst composite of titanium dioxide ($TiO_2$), hydroxyapatite (HAP) and germanium (Ge) under UV-A irradiation. At first, various type of complex catalysts were investigated to compare the enhanced photocatalytic potential. It was observed that in order to obtain the removal efficiencies were $TiO_2/HAP/Ge$ > $TiO_2/Ge$ > $TiO_2/HAP$. The composition of $TiO_2/HAP/Ge$ using a statistical approach based on mixture analysis design, one of response surface method was investigated. The independent variables of $TiO_2$ ($X_1$), HAP ($X_2$) and Ge ($X_3$) which consisted of 6 condition in each variables was set up to determine the effects on LM ($Y_1$) and TOC ($Y_2$) degradation. Regression analysis on analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant p-value (p < 0.05) and high coefficients for determination value ($R^2$ of $Y_1=99.28%$ and $R^2$ of $Y_2=98.91%$). Contour plot and response curve showed that the effects of $TiO_2/HAP/Ge$ composition for LM degradation under UV-A irradiation. And the estimated optimal composition for TOC removal ($Y_2$) were $X_1=0.6913$, $X_2=0.2313$ and $X_3=0.0756$ by coded value. By comparison with actual applications, the experimental results were found to be in good agreement with the model's predictions, with mean results for LM and TOC removal of 99.2% and 49.3%, respectively.