• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.105-115
• /
• 2013

Maillard reaction flavors had been tried by using krill hydrolysate and precursors in order to develop Teriyaki sauce with the reaction flavors. Also, the study for applying krill to Teriyaki sauce had been tried by using krill instead of eel bones. To make boiled-type and grilled-type reaction flavors, krill hydrolysate was used with other precursors such as serine, glucose and glucosamine. In the dynamic analysis of headspace volatile compounds, 20 mL reaction flavor was analyzed by the combined system of purge & trap, automatic desorber, gas chromatography and mass selective detector. Three kinds of Teriyaki sauce were developed with reaction flavor, krill and eel bones, and their products were evaluated by 10 items of cooked vegetables, cooked potatoes, boiled shrimp, grilled shrimp, fishy smell, pungent aroma, burned smell, sweety aroma, chemical smell, mud smell and preference. In the results of headspace analysis, 35 and 33 volatile compounds were identified from grilled-type and boiled-type reaction flavors. Grilled-type had sulfur-containing, aliphatic compounds, alcohols, ketones, pyrazines, and other aromatic compounds, and grilled-type had aldehydes, furans, other nitrogen-containing compounds. In the sensory evaluation of Teriyaki sauce, the items of roasted shrimp and sweety aroma showed significant differences for grilled-type application to Teriyaki sauce. The above results show the possible application of grilled-type reaction flavor to Teriyaki sauce.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.429-444
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between bone density and dietary intake for college women in their twenties. This study was performed on 160 female college students residing in Gangwon-do. It was conducted using ultrasound measurement of calcaneus bone density, anthropometric checkup and food-frequency questionnaires (FFQ) comprising 94 kinds of commonly consumed foods. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the T-score of bone density: a normal group (n = 113 persons, T-score ${\geq}1$) and a risk group (n = 47, T-score < 1.0). The average age of the subjects was 20.17 years and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Body weight and body fat percentage of the normal group were significantly higher than those of the risk group. The mean daily energy intake of the normal group was significantly higher than that of the risk group. Also, protein, fat, vitamin A, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron and zinc intake for the normal group were significantly higher than for the risk group. For the intake of the commonly consumed foods (or dishes) listed in FFQ, the mean daily intake amount of loaf bread, rice cake, potatoes, spicy beef soup, cucumber, seasoned spinach perilla leaves, crown daisy, stir-fried mushroom, sea mustard, beef rib, ham, chicken, mackerel, common squid, drink type curd yogurt, oriental melon and chocolate in the normal group was significantly higher than in the risk group. While, the mean daily intake of ramyun (instant noodle) and carbonated beverage by the normal group was significantly lower than that of the risk group. In conclusion, 20 something female college students showed a higher rate (26.9%) of the bone mineral density risk group (osteopenia or osteoporosis). For the risk group, the levels of nutrient and food intake were lower than in the normal group. Therefore, the bone density risk group needs to increase their nutrient intake and diet quality by increasing the intake of various foods. In addition, they should decrease the intake of foods, which are negative for skeletal health such as instant noodles and carbonated beverages.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.536-549
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate food intake, dietary diversity and dietary pattern during the summer in middle aged and older adults living in Gugoksundam (Gurye, Goksung, Sunchang and Damyang counties), Jeonla Province located in southern part of Korea and known as one of the representative Korean longevity areas. Food intake and dietary diversity were assessed by using the data from 2 day-24 hour recall of 1,051 subjects (394 males and 711 females) aged 45 years and older (45-93 years in male, 45-105 years in female). The average ages of males and females were 70.7 years and 71.1 years, respectively. Average total daily food intake was significantly decreased with aging in both genders, and the average animal food intake ratio to total food intake was ranged 10~14% in 3 different age groups, 45~64 years, 65~74 years and 75 years and older. The contribution of each food group, in weight, to total food intake showed the descending order of grains, fruits, vegetables and alcohols in males, and grains, fruits, potatoes and meats in females. On daily intake amount of each food item, rice, watermelon, soju, kimchi, and potato were ranked on top 5 in descending order in males, and rice, watermelon, potato, kimchi and ylmukimchi in females. On intake frequency, rice, kimchi, onion, green pepper and potato were ranked on top 5 in descending order in both genders. Dietary variety score (DVS) and dietary diversity score (DDS) for the assessment of dietary diversity and balance were significantly decreased with aging in both genders. In food group intake pattern (DMGFV), 01101 type without consumption of dairy and fruits was the most prevalent, and only 3.6% of male and 3.9% of female subjects showed 11111 type, consumed all the 5 food groups a day. Dietary pattern of subjects was analyzed by cluster analysis with 18 food groups intake. Overall dietary pattern was classified into two clusters, one was more desirable and the other was less desirable. The percentage of subjects with more desirable dietary pattern was about 15% in male and 32% in female. In conclusion, most of our subjects living in Gugoksundam area were taking very simple diet with low amount of dairy products and fruits. These results indicate that nutrition intervention and education for older people living in rural areas should be focused on various food intake including dairy products and fruits.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.47 no.3
• /
• pp.615-624
• /
• 2020

An effective sampling method is necessary to monitor potato tuber moths (Phthorimaea operculella) because they are the biggest concern in potato-cultivating areas. In this study, a sequential sampling method was developed based on the results of field surveys of potato tuber moths in South Korea. Potato tuber moths were collected in fields cultivating potatoes at six sites, and their spatial distribution was investigated using the Taylor power law. The optimal sampling size and cumulative number of potato tuber moths in traps to stop sampling were determined based on the spatial distribution pattern and mean density of the collected potato tuber moths. Finally, the developed sampling method was applied to propose a control action, and its sampling efficiency was compared with that of the traditional sampling method using a binomial distribution. The potato tuber moths tended to aggregate; the optimal number was approximately 5 - 16 traps for sampling, and the number varied with the mean density of potato tuber moths according to the sampling sites. In addition, one, two, and three sites might require the following actions: Continued sampling, control, and no control, respectively. Sampling with the binomial distribution showed the minimum sample size was 12 when considering the economic threshold level. Here, we propose an effective sampling method that can be applied for future monitoring and field surveys of potato tuber moths in South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.561-567
• /
• 2003

This study was conducted to estimate the heavy metal contents in various foods (n=696). The contents of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and tin (Sn) were determined using and ICP (inductively coupled plasma spectrometer). The content of mercury (Hg) was determined using a mercury analyzer. The values of heavy metals in canned foods were as follows [minimum-maximum (mean), mg/kg]; Pb 0.001${\sim}$0.36 (0.10), Cd 0.001${\sim}$0.10 (0.04), Sn 0.01${\sim}$24.75 (2.60). The mean values of Pb and Cd in animal foods were 0.40 mg/kg and 0.03 mg/kg. Also, the mean values of heavy metals in vegetables and potatoes were 0.03 mg/kg for Pb, 0.02 mg/kg for Cd, 0.001 mg/kg for Hg, respectively. The mean values of Hg in fishes and canned fishes were 0.08 mg/kg and 0.04 mg/kg. Our results showed that heavy metal contents in various foods available on markets were similar to those reported in other countries.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.298-303
• /
• 1979

The composition of the neutral lipids in the free and bound lipids from four varieties of experimentally cultivated potatoes were identified and quantified by thin layer- and gas-liquid chromatographies. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. The neutral lipids contained in the free and bound lipids were fractionated and identified as esterified sterol, triglyceride, diglyceride, free fatty acid, and free sterol, of which triglyceride and esterified sterol were most abundant. Meanwhile, the triglyceride and esterified sterol contents in the free lipid to the total lipid quantity were 10 and 2.7 % respectively, approximately 3 times higher than the 3.0 and 0.8 % contained in the bound lipid. 2. The fatty acid composition of the neutral lipids in the free and bound lipids was the same as that of the total free and bound lipids. The only difference was that content of saturated fatty acid was lower rate in the neutral lipid of the free lipid than in the total free lipid, whereas the unsaturated fatty acid was more abundant in the neutral lipid of the free lipid. Fatty acid composition of individual neutral lipid was of almost the same pattern as that of the total neutral lipid.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.291-297
• /
• 1979

The experimentally cultivated potatoes of 4 varieties, Irish Cobbler, Warba, Shimabara, and Saco were dried in a frozen state, powdered subsequently and subjected to the extraction of free and bound lipids. Constituents of the prepared lipids were fractionated, quantified, and compared by the methods of column and gas-liquid chromatographies. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The total crude lipid content in potato on a dry weight basis was 0.57 % of which 0.2 % was free lipid and 0.37 % was bound lipid. 2. The neutral lipid content in the free lipid was 14.9 %, approximately 3 times as much as the 4.5 % contained in the bound lipid, whereas the glycolipid content in the free lipid was 15.1 %, slightly less than 22.2 % contained in the bound lipid. However, the phospholipid content was 33.9 % in the bound lipid, approximately 4.5 times as much as the 7.2 % contained in the free lipid. This fact revealed that the bound lipid consisted mainly of polar lipid, while the free lipid consisted of neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids in about the same proportion. 3. The main fatty acids constituting more than 90 % in the free and bound lipids were linoleic, palmitic and linolenic acids. The content of the saturated fatty acid was slightly less in the free lipid than in the bound lipid, whereas the unsaturated fatty acids were more abundant in the free lipid.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.71-82
• /
• 1989

While ruling Chosun, with a view to making Chosun the primary supplier of food, Japan made the peasantry of Chosun go to ruin by leaving land from them through land enterprises, and the projects of increasing rice production. At the same time, Japan formed the higher classes comprising pro-Japanese capitalists, landlords and intellectuals, and protected them in order to carry out her colonial policies. Naturally there came into being a great gulf between the minority of high society and the majority of the poor in Chosun. As there was a great difference in food life between the two, I'm going to examine the literature of those days to grasp exactly the condition of their food intake. As for the staple food, out of thirteen provinces in Chosun, 13% lived on only rice and 27% on other minor cereals with no rice. As for the subsidiary food, about thirty percents did not take any animal protein. The examination of intake of nutrition by classes shows that the higher and middle classes took the necessary amount of calorie and protein and that the component ratio of calorie was comparatively properly distributed. The lower classes are defined as those whose monthly income was less than 100 won and the peasantry in general. And again the peasantry are classified into three-high, middle and low-according to their farming conditions. The tenant farmers in Kyeongguido and the peasants of Darli community took enough amount of calorie and protein, but much smaller amount of animal protein. Fire-field farmers led not less miserable food intake than the extremely poor peasants. They seldom lived on rice. Potatoes, oats and millets were their staple food. Lastly, Engel's coefficient for the Tomack-min (the residents in mud huts) who were among the three extremely poor classes, was 73.3%, which was much higher than that of the lower classes in then Japan. Rationed rice and barley were their staple food but the rationed amount was not sufficient to satisfy needs of physical labor. In conclusion, during the period of Japanese ruling of Chosun, the minority of higher and middle classes in Chosun generally took sufficient amount of nutrient, while the status of food intake with poor peasants, fire-field farmers and Tomack-min was extremely miserable.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.140-146
• /
• 2014

This paper presents a case study to develop e-learning contents of agricultural safety based on the assessment of risks of 4 selected crops and stock farming: rice, potatoes, apples, tomatoes and stock raising. The aged farmers, who are main workforce of current Korean agriculture and relatively more vulnerable to various risks of agricultural work compared to younger workers, were considered as the main users of the contents in developing them. The safety guidelines were presented as simple as possible and the interfaces were designed to be simple and easy to use so that the older users can use it without much difficulty. In making the scenarios of the contents, risk assessments were carried out for each crop and stock farming with the focus being on occupational diseases rather than accidental injuries. To make the contents more attractive to the farmers, the functions requiring active responses from the users, such as answering simple questions, were included in the contents. Usability evaluation by experts of ergonomics and agricultural tasks were carried out in modifying the draft version, whereas formal usability test was not included in the case study. Though there are some limitations in the developed contents in the aspects of evaluation of usability and effectiveness, this case study shows the structured procedure of developing e-learning safety contents based on the risk assessments on agricultural tasks. The developed e-learning contents are expected to be used practically and easily in educating and training older farmers about safety and health of agricultural tasks.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.9-19
• /
• 1975

In order to clarify the mecahnism of histological barriers to pathogens of witches' broom diseased in sweet potatoes, this experiment has been conducted to observe the relationship between pathological characters and the transfer of mycoplasmae in the shoot apex. The material used the experiment is the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamm. Suwon 147). In the experiment regarding of mycoplasmae, the upper limit zone of transfer of mycoplasmae is examined by way of the process of free stock and the shoot apex of a infected part in nature, observed in the culture of each part of the diseased plant which is cut to a certain length. The pathological change pattern of tissues infected with mycoplasmae has been observed under the light and electron microscopes. As a result of this experiment, the following conclusion was arrived at. 1. It has been ascertained that the mycoplasmae are not existent in a promeristem and primary meristem zone from the meristem dome, and is existent in the lower part of the vascular differentiation zone, after which differential tissues the mycoplasmae become progressively enlarged, and before which undifferential tissues it become progressively immatured and diminished in size. 2. It can be suggested that mycoplasmae may not be existed in the shoot meristem, be cause the passing structures such as sieve area and plasmodesma which can be pass ed immatured mycoplasmae is undifferentiated. 3. In the tissue culture, free stock can be obtained in the zone between 1.0-1.5mm of the shoot apex, while it cannot in the 2.0-3.0mm zone, because of infection by mycoplasmae. It is suggested that immature mycoplasmae may be diffused according to temperature ($28{\pm}1^{\circ}C$) in tissue culture process.