• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.291-298
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• 2012

One of the main microorganisms causing diarrheal diseases is Campylobacter jejuni. Purslane or Portulaca oleracea is an edible plant containing polyphenols that has been widely used as a folk remedy for treatment of diarrhea for a long time. This study was performed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of fermented P. oleracea extracts made with probiotics and plant-origin lactic acid bacteria(PLAB) isolated from P. oleracea against C. jejuni. Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. delbrueckii, L. plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Bifidobacterium longum were applied to P. oleracea to make a fermentation broth of purslane. Leuconostoc mesenteroides and the lactic acid bacteria isolated from P. oleracea grew best in the fermentation broth of P. oleracea extracts when the broth was combined with 2% yeast extract, 1% peptone, and 0.05 to 1% potassium phosphate. The number of viable cells in the fermentation broth containing purslane extracts after 48 hours increased to $1{\times}10^{12}\;CFU/m{\ell}$ and remained at $1.3{\times}10^{10}\;CFU/m{\ell}$ after refrigeration for 2 weeks. The pH and acidity of purslane-fermented broth after 48 hours of fermentation was 3.7 and 3.14, respectively, which show that the fermentation broth was within the range of the general standards of fermented dairy products. The antimicrobial activity of the fermented P. oleracea extracts was determined using the liquid culture method. The 10 $mg/m{\ell}$ concentration of the fermented P. oleracea extract made with Leuconostoc mesenteroides and the lactic acid bacteria isolated from purslane showed the strongest antimicrobial activity against C. jejuni. The fermentation broth of purslane with the probiotics retarded the growth of C. jejuni for 48 hours at $42^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.22-34
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to develop biosensor for determination of glucose, lactate, and ethanol in foods and food-stuffs simultaneously. The multiple cathode system was prepared with an oxygen electrode having one anode and hexagonal cathode. Glucose oxidase, mutarotase, lactate oxidase, alcohol oxidase and catalase were used for immobilization to determine glucose, lactate, and ethanol. These components including ethanol were simultaneously determined by the immobilized enzymes in the multiple cathode system. The determination of the components by enzyme sensor was based on the maximum slope of oxygen consumption from enzyme reaction of each sensor part. The response time for analysis was 1 min. The optimum condition for glucose, lactate and ethanol sensor was found to be 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 at $40^{\circ}C$. Interferences of various sugars and organic acids were investigated. Less than 10% of error was found in determination of the components except organic acids. This difference was compensated by the modified equation. This system was confirmed by conventional methods. It was concluded that the multiple cathode system of this study is for an effective method to determine sugar, organic acid, ethanol simultaneously in foods.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.155-159
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• 2017

Korean goral (Neamorhedus caudatus) is registered as a natural monument number 217 by South Korea Cultural Heritage Administration. It is also recognized as the endangered species I by Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). In this study, blood samples of Korean goral were collected to make reference intervals. Blood sampling was conducted on 19 numbers of Korean gorals (ten females, nine males), which were reared in Korean Goral Restoration Center. For total samples, the reference intervals of hematological parameters were: white blood cell $7.69{\sim}10.87K/{\mu}{\Lambda}$; hematocrit 36.73~46.18%; red blood cell $10.72{\sim}12.86K/{\mu}{\Lambda}$; hemoglobin 12.79~15.14 g/dL; mean corpuscular volume 33.15~36.75 fL; mean corpuscular hemoglobin 11.53~12.23 pg; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 32.64-35.91 g/dL and red blood cell distribution width 39.2~43.46%. For total samples of each parameters, the following results were obtained for serum biochemistry: glucose 111.81~153.77 mg/dL; blood urea nitrogen 22.35~28.91 mg/dL; creatine 1.22~1.84 mg/dL; phosphate 4.57~6 mg/dL; calcium 8.7~9.1 mg/dL; total protein 6.53~6.92 g/dL; albumin 3.1~3.48 g/dL; globulin 3.26~3.62 g/dL; alanine aminotransferase 56.7~158.56 U/L; aspartate aminotransferase 230.35~473.06 U/L; alkaline phosphatase 178.06~332.47 U/L; gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase 131.6-~181.24 U/L; total bilirubin 1.47~2.12 mg/dL; cholesterol 46.48~71.52 mg/dL; amylase 16.3~26.03 U/L; sodium 150.43~153.88 mmol/L; potassium 3.98~4.6 mmol/L and chlorine 109.48~113.26 mmol/L. The ranges of values were similar campared to previous studies except in the case of RDW value, which showed higher range than the RDW value of a previous study. The reference intervals from this study will be useful data for treatment and management of gorals.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.76 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 1987

Simulated acid rain (pH 4.0, pH 2.0) containing sulfuric and nitric acid in the ratio of 60:40 (chemical equivalent basis) diluted with underground water, and underground water (pH 6.5) as control were treated on potted Pines koraiensis seeds during the growing season (May 1 to August 31) in 1985. The regime of artificial acid rain, in terms of spray frequency and amount per plot, was simulated on the basis of climatological data averaged for 30 years of records. The seedling growth, contents of chemical substances in needles and chemical properties of the tested soil were compared among the various pH levels of acid rain on October 31, 1985. Following results were obtained. 1. With decreasing pH levels of acid rain, S and $K_2O$ contents in leaf tissue were increased, but MgO and $P_2O_5$ contents were decreased. 2. Soil pH was dropped, and exchangeable aluminum content in the tested soil was dramatically increased as the pH levels of acid rain decreased. 3. Exchangeable calcium, magnesium, potassium contents, and base saturation degree of the soil were significantly decreased with decreasing pH levels of acid rain. 4. Sulfate concentrations in the soil were significantly increased as rain pH decreased, but total nitrogen and available phosphate contents were not influenced by acid rain.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.20-27
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• 1981

Populus alba x glandulosa shows greater growth performance in the lower part of the hill than in the upper part. In order to study this reason, correlation between the soil factors and the growth was examined. The results were as follows. 1. Annual mean height growth was 1.29m in foot hill but 0.7m in upper part, showing 184$\%$ better growth in the foot hill than in the upper part and the similar situation was shown in the diameter growth. The longer slope distance, the better growth: generally the good growth shows in the first harf of the distance. 2. High positive correlation shows between the growth performance and soil moisture: r=0.76 in the hight and r=0.71 in the diameter, and also positive correlation between soil depth and the growth performance. r=0.65 in the height and r=0.79 in the diameter. On the other hand, negative correlation between the slope and soil depth are considered as limiting factors to the growth. 3. A significant correlation appeared between growth performance and organic matter and between the growth performance and total nitrogen as well. This shows that the nutrient elements were contained much in the foot hill. 4. The correlation between the height growth and potassium, and between the growth and calcium and pH were shown . 5. However, no correlation was shown between the growth and available phosphate, magnesium and available managanese .

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.725-735
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• 2011

This study was carried out to analyze the vegetation properties, soil characteristics, and ordination of Stewartia koreana community of Mt. Jirisan in Korea. The S. koreana community was classified into S. koreana-Quercus mongolica serrata community, S. koreana-Quercus mongolica community, and Typical community. In specific, S. koreana-Q. serrata community was classified into two subgroups such as Carpinus laxiflora subcommunity and typical subcommunity. The S. koreana community was found out to be located at an elevation of 409m to 1,604m. The Results of importance value on the S. koreana community consisted of the following in order: 75.47% of S. koreana, the highest, 21.83% of Q. serrata, 18.65% of Q. mongolica, 18.19% of Acer pseudosieboldianum, 10.56% of Rhododendron schlippenbachii, 10.36% of Styrax japonicus. In the targeted study sites, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphate, exchangeable potassium, soil moisture and soil pH were 3.15~39.1%, 0.37~11.7%, 0.9~45.4mg/kg, $0.09{\sim}1.48cmol^+/kg$, 19.28~55.47% and 4.08~5.65, respectively. The results of the correlation between communities and soil conditions of S. koreana community by DCCA ordination method are as follows: S. koreana-Q. serrata community was found in the highest elevation and followed in order S. koreana typical community, S. koreana-Q. serrata typical subcommunity, and C. laxiflora subcommunity.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2000

The investigation and the analysis of soil chemical properties, microbial flora and cultural practices in plastic house of 60 farms (pepper 20, cucumber 20, oriental melon 20) were conducted in Chonnam area film. An amount of fertilizer application of farms was more than that of standard fertilizer application. That was phosphate at two and a half times, potassium at twice and manure at three times the amount of standard application. It was inferred that excessive fertilizer application would lead to salts accumulation in soil. Continuous cropping injury would be incurred by excesive salts accumulation in soil. Even if inorganic elements in soil culturing peppers, cucumbers and oriental melons were greater than optimum level, base-saturation degree of soil culturing peppers, cucumbers and oriental melons was 40:18:12, 55:16:14 and 40:27:11 respectively. That was lower than the optimum levels (60:15:5). Therefore, crops would be affected by uptake inhibition by nutrition imbalance. Density of Fusarium is related to plant decease in soil i.e. pepper $26.2{\times}10^2\;cfu\;g^{-1}$, cucumber $75.8{\times}10^2\;cfu\;g^{-1}$ and oriental melon $6.5{\times}10^2\;cfu\;g^{-1}$. B/F of soil planted with pepper, cucumber and oriental melon was 91.2, 80.4 and 18.8, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.202-210
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• 2005

Since understanding on spatial variability of a field is essential to pursue precision agricultural technology, a field study for field variability and variable rate fertilization of nitrogen in a direct seeding paddy was attempted. Variable rate application of nitrogen was designed with soil test, and field application was tested in a direct seeding paddy in the Kimje, Jeonbuk, Korea. The grid samples of soil was collected from the field of which unit size was 35 m by 112 m on February before irrigating of the field. Soil organic matter, available phosphate and silicate, and extractable potassium were analyzed. Variable rate fertilizer recommendation maps of nitrogen for high yielding, HY, and low input sustainable agriculture, LISA, were derived based on the soil analysis. Direct seeding of rice was performed for variable rate treatment, VRT, for the experimental plot in 2001 and 2002, and so did for three volunteer farmers' field in 2003. Yield mapping was performed by harvesting. Economic feasibility of direct seeding of rice by variable rate fertilization was evaluated. Though increased yield of variable rate application and benefit of reducing fertilizer use and environmental impact, the cost for soil test exceeded the total reduced fertilizer cost.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.161-166
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• 1984

The Cheju citrus orchards have been chemically fertilized with both phosphates high in Ca and Mg contents and potassium. The amount of chemical fertilizers consumed per unit area of cultivated land and the ratios of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ to N in chemical fertilizers applied were much higher in the Cheju Island than those of the Korean mainland. These trends were particularly prominant in Southern Cheju where 70% of the Cheju citrus orchards are located. As the result of heavy applications of phosphate fertilizers, the available phosphorus of citrus orchard soils increased with increasing number of years under cultivation. The available phosphorus of sub-soil increased slightly with the number of years under cultivation compared to that of surface soil. Base saturation and pH increased with the number of years under cultivation, inasmuch as exchangeable bases such as Ca, Mg and K increased predominantly, but the cation exchange capacity did not vary in the citrus orchard soils.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.115-124
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fertigation level such as 50%, 75% and 100% N of standard amount of chemical fertilizer,m and fertigation interval such as every irrigation, intervals of 1 and 2 weeks of piggery waste water(PWW) on the growth, yield of red pepper plant and the chemical properties of soil used. In early stage, growth of red pepper plant fertigated with PWW and that of red pepper plant applicated standard chemical fertilezer was the same, while it were increased as increasing application amounts of PWW, and later growth and total yield of red pepper plant were much more at 75% N fertigation of PWW. Inorganic content such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium and chlorophyll content of red pepper leaves were increased as increasing fergigation amount of PWW. 50% fertigation level showed the lowest rate of fruit setting of red peper plant. For soil chemical properties, pH was slightly decreased, but available $P_2O_5$, and exchangeable K content were increased as increasing fertigation amount of PWW. Because there was not statistically significant difference in the growth, the yield of red pepper and chemical properties of soil used according to various fertigation intervals, and no need to artificially supply PWW, therefore fertigation by simple automatic system with tensiometer was thought to be better.