• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 1999

Ko, Lim found some differences in the concentrations of bone resorptive cytokines, especially IL-$1{\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ in periapical lesions and inflamed pulps. And they suppose that these differences may be due to the type of cells which produce each cytokine. The purpose of this study was to analyze the human odontogenic cysts & cystic fluid for their contents of IL-$1{\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-$1{\alpha}$ and to compare the concentrations of each cytokine according to the cytokine producing cells. The cystic tissues used in this experiment, were obtained from periapical surgery or cyst enucleation surgery. Cystic fluid was obtained from root canal during routine endodontic therapy(n=5). Cystic tissues were subdivided into two groups, inflammatory radicular cyst group(n=15) and developmental odontogenic keratocyst group(n=3). Normal periapical tissues of extracted third molar(n=5) were also obtained to be used as control group. Each specimen was incubated in 0.5ml homogenizing buffer (0.1mol/L potassium chloride, 0.02mol/L TRIS;pH=7.6) for two hours and then homogenized with glass homogenizer. Each specimen was centrifuged in a microcentrifuge for 3 minutes, and supernatants were extracted. The concentrations of cytokines were measured with R&D ELISA kit. The data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test for the differences among the diseases and t test for the correlations among each cytokine. Following results were obtained ; 1. For IL-$1{\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$, all experimental groups showed significantly higher concentrations of each cytokine than the control group (p<0.05). 2. In radicular cysts, the concentrations of IL-$1{\alpha}$ were higher than IL-$1{\beta}$, but not stastically significant (p>0.05). In odontogenic keratocysts, the concentrations of IL-$1{\alpha}$ were significantly higher than IL-$1{\beta}$ (p<0.05). In cystic fluid, the concentration of IL-$1{\beta}$ was significantly higher than IL-$1{\alpha}$ (p<0.05). 3. Between odontogenic keratocysts and radicular cysts, the concentrations of IL-$1{\alpha}$ were significantly higher in odontogenic keratocysts than in radicular cysts (p<0.05). 4. For TNF-${\alpha}$, only cystic fluid group showed significantly higher concentrations than the control group (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.193-198
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• 1990

In order to develop the slow-release compound fertilizer fur upland crops, trial products were made with ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate, and potassium chloride with filler of calcium sulfate, and hinder of additional material of urea resin Nine trial slow-release compound fertilizers were manufactured by varying urea/formaldehyde mole ratios(U/F mole ratio : 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ) and the proportions of urea resin (3.3. 6.7. and 10%) and the proportions of urea resin (3.3. 6.7 and 10%). The aimed percentage of $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ in the trial product was 12.5-10.0-14.0%, which was appropriate for Chinese cabbage. The N dissolution of the trial products in water was slower with lower U/F ratio and in creased to the proportion of urea resin. The dissolved nitrogen in water after 24hrs ranged from 69 to 83 percent of total nitrogen in the trial products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.691-700
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• 2004

This study was conducted to examine the proximate composition, alginic acid and mineral contents and the types of calcium and magnesium in the parts(frond, stipe, sporophyll) of sea mustards. Carbohydrates and the crude fat was the highest in sporophyll. The contents of alginic acid were $25.9{\sim}32.2%$. Total alginic acid(32.2%) and insoluble alginic acid in water(27.7%) was e highest in sporophyll. Calcium and magnesium was the highest in frond. Phosphorous, potassium and sulfur was the highest in sporophyll. Iron, zinc and mangane was the highest in frond. Ca/P ratio in frond and stipe was about $1.7{\sim}1.8:1$ levels. Calcium and magnesium soluble in sodium chloride was the highest in sea mustards. Calcium and magnesium soluble in water was the highest in frond. Calcium and magnesium soluble in hydrochloric acid was the highest in sporophyll.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.177-182
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• 1990

The changes in the partition coefficient of model proteins (lysozyme, myoglobin, conalbumin, bovine serum albumin) in an aqueous two·phase system formed by polyethylene glycol and dextran were examined in order to improve the capacity of counter current distribution (CCD) for the protein fractionation and concentration . The protein distribution pattern in CCD with 30 tubes varied with the pH (4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 9.0, 12.0) and KCl concentration (0mM, 50mM, 250mM, 500mM) of the system. From the mixture of model proteins, pure myoglobin was appeared at the upperphase of 14th tube having 50mM of KCl at pH 5.5 and the upper-phase of 13th tube having 250mM of KCl at pH 6.5. Similarly pure BSA was obtained at the 14th tube having KCl 250mM with pH 4.5, pure lysozyme at the 19th tube having 500mM of KCl at pH 4.5 and the upper-phase of 16th tube 50mM of KCl at pH 5.5.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.229-235
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• 1986

Lithium salts are being used increasingly to treat patient with affective disorders, especially acute mania, or bipolar manic-depressive illness. For therapeutic effect the lithium content must be maintained at or above a particular level. Lithium poisoning due to overdosage may be seen occasionally, and its course is determined primarily by the rate of renal lithium elimination. A search is therefore indicated for procedures that could raise the lithium clearance. In a number of reports renal lithium excretion has been studied in relation to the excretion of water, sodium, potassium and hydrogen, but effects of sodium or water on the lithium excretion has not yet been clarified. Hence the present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of corticosteroid on the excretion of lithium ion. The female rat(Sprague-Dowley), weighing from 200 to 300g, was injected with 50mg/kg of lithium chloride intraperitoneally, and then injected with graded dosage of fludrocortisone and dexamethasone in each group. During the injected rats were incubated in metabolic cage, 24 hour urine of rats were collected. At 24 hours after injection, the rats were sacrificed with guillotin, the blood were collected. And then the concentratios of $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Li^+$ of collected urine and serum were checked by Flame photometer. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Fludrocortisone decreased the serum concentration of lithium and increased the urinary excretion of lithium. 2. In the group treated with low dose of dexamethasone(0.1mg/kg), the serum concentration of lithium was decreased and high dose of dexamethasone (1mg/kg) increased the urinary excretion of lithium. 3. Fludrocortisone increased the urinary $[Na^+]/[K^+]$ in serum and decreased $[Na^+]/[K^+]$ in urine, but opposite effects were occurred in dexamethasone. By above results, it may be concluded that corticosteroid increased the urinary excretion of lithium and decreased the serum concentration of lithium, but it seems to be there is no relationship between these effects of corticosteroid and of the renal $Na^+$ or $K^+$ transport.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.88-98
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• 2000

Hemodialysis(HD)-associated hypotension is a frequent complication, but it is difficult to manage. Until now, several maneuvers have been tried to prevent the HD-associated hypotension. Of these, the sodium content of dialysate was regarded as an important factor for maintaining blood pressure during HD. In this study, we evaluated the effect of hypertonic dialysate on blood pressure, interdialytic weight gain and the incidence of thirst. The study was done for 6 weeks successively with 3 different groups. Each patient was dialysed with 3 different dialysates for 2 weeks: Group I(Conventional HD: sodium concentration: 137 mEq/L), Group II(Hypertonic HD: 147 mEq/L) and Group III (Sequential HD: from 147 to 140 mEq/L). Hemodynamic parameters(blood pressure, pulse rate and ultrafiltration rate), biochemical parameters(hematocrits, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, osmolality, sodium, potassium, chloride, fasting blood sugar) and complications (interdialytic weight gain & thirsty sensation) were compared among 3 groups. The results were as follows: 1. Decline of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure at the time of a 3 hour check during hemodialysis was lower in the Group II than Group I and III (p=0.002; p=0.012). and decline of diastolic blood pressure at the time of a 4 hour check during hemodialysis was lower in the Group II and III than Group I (p=0.04). 2. Incidence of hypotensive episodes during dialysis was significantly lower in Group II than group I (p=0.0287). 3. The ultrafiltration in Group III at the time of 1 hour, 2 hour and 3 hour check during hemodialysis was higher than that in Group I and II at the time of 1 hour, 2 hour and 3 hour check during hemodialysis respectively (p=0.0001; p=0.0001; p=0.0004). 4. Interdialytic weight gain was higher in Group I($3.1{\pm}0.8$) than Group I($2.8{\pm}0.8$) and III ($2.9{\pm}0.9$) (p=0.0422). 5. Hematologic and biochemical results were not significantly different among 3 Groups. 6. Frequency of thirst was different in Group I, II and III, $0.05{\pm}0.12$, $0.41{\pm}0.24$and $0.22{\pm}0.29$ respectively (p=0.0259). The results suggest that hypertonic HD was effective in preventing HD-associated hypotension but interdialytic weight gain and thirst sensations were increased as compared with a conventional method. In this situation, sequential HD seems to be an alternative method to minimizes the side effect of hypertonic HD.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.121-121
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• 2004

The groundwater in the Pocheon area occurs from both a fractured bedrock aquifer in igneous and metamorphic rocks and an alluvial aquifer with a thickness of <50 m, and forms a major source of domestic and agricultural water supply. In this study, we performed a hydrogeochemical study in order to identify the control of geochemical processes on groundwater quality. For this study, groundwater level and physicochemical parameters (EC, Eh, pH, alkalinity) were monitored once a month from a total of 150 groundwater wells between June 2003 to August 2004. A total of 153 water samples (13 surface water, 66 alluvial groundwater, 74 bedrock groundwater) were also collected and analyzed in February 2004. Groundwater chemistry in the study area is very complex, depending on a number of major factors such as geology, degree of chemical weathering, and quality of recharge water. Hydrochemical reactions such as the leaching of surficial and near-solace soil salts, dissolution of calcite, cation exchange, and weathering of silicate minerals are proposed to explain the chemistry of natural groundwater. Alluvial groundwaters locally have very high TDS concentrations, which are characterized by their chloride(nitrate)-sulfate-bicabonate facies and low Na/Cl ratio. Their grondwater levels are highly fluctuated according to rainfall event. We suggest that high nitrate content and salinity in such alluvial groundwaters originates from the local recharge of sewage effluents and/or fertilizers. Likewise, high concentrations of nitrate were also locally observed in some bedrock groundwaters, suggesting their effect of anthropogenic contamination. This is possibly due to the bypass flow taking place through macropores. Tile degree of the weathering of silicate minerals seems to be a major control of the distribution of major cations (sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium) in bedrock groundwaters, which show a general increase with increasing depth of wells. Thermodynamic interpretation of groundwater chemistry shows that the groundwater in the study area is in chemical equilibrium with kaolinite and Na-montmorillonite, which indicates that weathering of plagioclase to those minerals is a major control of hydrochemistry of bedrock groundwater. The interpretation of the molar ratios among major ions, as well as the mass balance calculation, also indicates the role of both dissolution/precipitation of calcite and Ca-Na cationic exchange as bedrock groundwaters evolves progressively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.100-104
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• 1989

This study was carried out in order to develop a compound fertilizer for raising rice seedling in trays. A compound fertilizer, a trail product, was manufactured using the major fertilizer sources of ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate and potassium chloride in combination with zeolite and glutamic acid fermentation waste. Besides, polyacrylamide for slow release control of the fertilzer and Tachigaren and sulfuric acid for reducing the occurrence of seedling rot were used. The component ratios of N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ of trial product were 4.19, 5.41 and 4.05 percent respectively. The dissolution rate of nitrogen component in water for the trial product with polyacrylamide was lower about fifteen percents than the product without polyacylamide in six hours. Hymexazole, main component of Thachigaren, from the product was released about 86.2 percents in forty eight hours. When the product with polyacylamide applied on red earth soil and paddy soil, the pH of soil ranged from 4.6 to 5.4 for 25 days experiment.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.311-317
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• 1983

These studies were carried out to investigate the effects of rice straw on the leaching of chemical constituents in paddy soil. Rice plants were cultured in paddy soil to which rice straw was applied and then chemical properties of percolated water were analysed. The results were as follows. The leaching of calcium and magnesium was affected by rice straw application in the early stages of plant growth and by rice root activity in the late stages. The application of the straw promoted the reduction of the soil followed by increasing the leaching of iron and manganese. The leaching of potassium, ammonium-nitrogen and chloride was not due to the application of rice straw and the leaching of carbon dioxide increased with the application of rice straw, at the same time chemical properties seemed to be affected by rice root activity. Generally, cation and anion leached in the percolated water were equivalent. Calcium, magnesium, Fe as cation and $HCO_3$, $SO_4{^{-2}}$ as anion were important constituents in the percolated water from paddy soil.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.1210-1218
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• 2000

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of temperature and humidity on biochemical indices of Arbor Acres broilers at different weeks of age. The alkaline phosphatase (AKP), acid phosphatase (ACP), lactic dehydrogenase (LD), creatine kinase (CK), plasma glucose (Glu), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), urea nitrogen (UN), uric acid (UA), plasma thyroxin (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and insulin levels were determined in all the four experiments. In experiment 1, the plasma Glu, LD and CK levels were increased by heat exposure ($35{^{\circ}C}$ and 35, 60, or 85% RH, 2 h) and this effect was aggravated by longer exposure (24 h). No significant changes (p>0.05) were found in Ca concentration, activity of AKP and ACP. In experiment 2, temperature (10, 20, 30, $33{^{\circ}C}$) had significant effect on the levels of K, Cl, UN, UA levels and the activity of LD (p<0.01), but had no significant influence on the activity of CK (p>0.05). The UN, UK and LD levels were elevated by low temperature $(10{^{\circ}C})$ (p<0.01), Cl content was increased by high temperature ($(33{^{\circ}C})$ (p<0.01), and K level was decreased by high ($(33{^{\circ}C})$ or low $(10{^{\circ}C})$ temperature and increased by medium temperature $(30{^{\circ}C})$ (p<0.01). The humidity (35, 85% RH) only had significant effect on Cl concentration which was decreased by high humidity (p<0.01). In experiment 3, the result showed that only the LD and CK activity were significantly increased (p<0.01) by high temperature (7, 24, 28, $32{^{\circ}C}$) or high humidity (35, 85% RH). Temperature and humidity had no significant effect on K, Cl, UA, UN and Glu levels (p>0.05). In experiment 4 (24, 27, 30, $33{^{\circ}C}$; 30, 45, 60, 75, 90% RH), plasma T3 level was declined by high temperature $(33{^{\circ}C})$, and this phenomena disappeared in birds under high temperature and high humidity environment. T4 concentration in plasma was not affected by temperature (p>0.05), but was increased by high or low humidity (p<0.01). Neither temperature nor humidity had significant effect on plasma insulin concentration (p>0.05). The results of the four experiments suggested that broilers at different growth periods might have different thermal requirements and would response differently to heat exposure. The plasma biochemical indices themselves had big variation; the reaction of the indices to thermal exposure treatment differed with the age of broilers. The big variation of biochemical indices themselves might cover the response of indices to temperature and humidity treatments.