• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.180-187
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to compare breast milk minerals between mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and healthy mothers. Methods: This study was a short-term prospective study to determine the difference in milk minerals of 30 GDM mothers and 30 healthy mothers. Mineral concentrations in breast milk were measured for Na, K, Ca, Mg, and P. The first breast milk was collected on the 5th day after childbirth, while the second one was collected on the 14th day. For the variation of mineral content of breast milk over time between groups, generalized estimation equations were used. Results: The mean age of the GDM group and healthy mother group was 32.56 and 31.17 years old, respectively. Na was significantly higher in GDM mother group (Wild 𝛘²=4.35, p=.037) over time (Wild 𝛘²=21.59, p<.001), and Ca was significantly higher in healthy mother group (Wild 𝛘²=1.77, p=.018) over time (Wild 𝛘²=19.09, p<.001). Mg, P, and K showed a significant difference in time (Wild 𝛘²=18.12, p<.001; Wild 𝛘²=7.73, p=.005; Wild 𝛘²=7.10, p=.008). P was significantly higher in GDM mother group on 5th day of delivery (t=2.08, p=.042). Conclusion: There was a difference in the mineral composition of breast milk between GDM mothers and healthy mothers. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and apply intervention programs such as effective prenatal blood sugar management and postpartum breast massage considering the characteristics of GDM mothers.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.152-158
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 한국보건사회연구원과 국민건강보험공단의 한국의료패널 2008-2016년 연간 데이터(Version 1.5)를 이용해 임신, 출산, 산후기 여성의 구급 이송 서비스 이용 특성을 분석하였다. 분석 결과를 요약하면, 첫째, 임신, 출산 및 산후기 여성의 119 구급차, 민간 구급차 등 구급 이송 서비스 이용률은 12.0%로 전체 구급 이송 서비스 이용률 18.9%보다 상대적으로 낮았다. 둘째, 임신, 출산 및 산후기 여성의 응급에서 분만이 38.7%로 가장 큰 비중을 차지하였으며, 진통 및 분만의 합병증이 20.0%, 유산된 임신이 17.3% 등의 순으로 나타났다. 셋째, 임신, 출산 및 산후기 여성의 구급 이송 서비스 이용 특성 중 연 평균 가구소득, 응급실 도착 소요시간, 응급실 도착 지연 인식 등에서 구급 이송 서비스의 이용자 집단과 비이용자 집단 사이에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 따라서 저출산과 고령 산모로 인하여 분만 취약지가 늘어날수록 임신, 출산, 산후기 여성을 위한 사회안전망으로서 구급 이송 서비스의 양적 확대와 질적 제고는 더욱 시급한 과제가 될 것이다.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.5-27
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• 1997

This study was carried out to identify the difference between nursing needs and levels of satisfaction of primiparae during the early postpartum period. The goal of the study was to obtain data needed to develope maternal education programs and to improve the nursing quality for primipara. The subjects were 111 primiparae who had normal delivery at 2 general hospitals in the Seoul area. The data was gathered using an 81 items questionnaire which was developed by the researcher from Nov. 30, 1995 to Feb. 5, 1996. Results found are as follows : 1. The characteristics of subjects : The majority of subjects were aged 26-30yrs(60.4%), high school graduated(49.5%), jobless(52.3%), had no religion(49.5%), no antenatal(74.5%), and postnatal education on self and infant care(55.9%). A large proportion of primiparae intended to feed breast milk(49.5%) but in fact only 7.2% fed breast milk while in the hospital. Many subjects perceived that they had reasonable self confidence about self care(46.8%), and infant care(36%). 2. The level of nursing needs of overall nursing care was relatively high(Mn 3.98) but the level of satisfaction was of average level(Mn 3.09). Therefore, difference between the level of nursing needs and satisfaction was significant(p=0.0001). 3. The nursing needs by category of nursing care the highest need was on the education of infant care(4.29), the lowest was on physical care(3.80). The level of satisfaction was higher on environmental care(3.40) and physical care(3.32). But the category that showed the lowest satisfaction was education of infant care(2.67). Hence, difference of categories between the level of nursing needs and satisfaction was significant(p=0.0001). 4. Among items of physical care, observation of primiparas' conditions(4.21), accurate medication and treatment(4.18), care of breast engorgement(4.07) and control of postpartal hemorrage(4.01) showed high nursing needs. On the other hand, only the level of satisfaction was higher on accurate medication and treatment(3.82). The rest of items revealed only average level of satisfactions. Difference of items between the level of nursing needs and satisfaction was significant(p=0.0001) except items of dietary care. 5. Among items of psychological care, 8 items of nursing needs were high(3.72-4.29), expecially detailed explanation on which mothers want to know(4.29), treatment and nursing care they receive(4.23), kind and faithful care(4.22), early contacts with their baby(4.20), and adequate draping during the care and treatment(4.18). Among items of psychological care higher satisfactions were shown on items of kind and faithful care(3.80), personal treatment(3.70), and detailed explanation to mothers, but the least satisfied items was early contact with baby(2.13). Difference between the level of nursing needs and satisfaction was significant(p=0.0001). 6. Among items of environmental care, the highest level of need and satisfaction was on the items of neat bedding and pajamas(3.54). The difference was significant (p=0.0001). 7. Among the items of educational needs on self care, all of 22 items revealed higher educational needs(3.50-4.33) but the levels of satisfaction varied with a range of 2.63-3.42. Among the items the satisfactions were high on items of breast care including massages(3.42), perineal care(3.36) and expression of breast milk(3.32). Less satisfied items were drugs not be taken by breast milk feeder(2.63), maintenance of breast figure(2.76) and postpartum exercise(2.80) and so on. The difference was significant(p=0.0001). maintain 8. Among the items of educational needs on infant care, 19 items revealed higher educational needs(3.28-4.54). And the highest need were on the 3 items of normal growth and development of infant, safety and emergency care, symptoms of sick(4.45) and the meaning of crying of the baby(4.52). The level of satisfaction among items of education of infant care ranged from 2.47 to 3.16. Most satisfied items were buriping(3.16), bathing(3.11) and diapering(3.09). The items of which the mother's needs were high revealed the lowest satisfaction level. The difference was significant (p=0.0001). 9. Relationship between nursing needs and levels of satisfaction among primiparae of different characteristics were as follows : 1) Nursing needs of physical and psychological areas were significantly different among different age levels but no relationship was found on other categories regardless of the level of satisfaction. 2) With regard to different levels of education, some relationship was found in nursing needs of psychological area(p=0.007), educational needs on infant care(p=0.04) and environmental care(p=0.01). Also, the difference of satisfaction level was significant. 3) Working mothers had higher nursing needs and were more satisfied on items of physical care(p=0.05), education on self care and infant care. Difference were significant between nursing needs and level of satisfaction. 4) With regards to different religion a moderate relation was found between nursing needs of environmental care infant care education but no relationship was found on levels of satisfaction. 5) With regards to antenatal education, the mothers who have had no antenatal education revealed higher nursing needs on physical care but those who had antenatal education were more satisfied with education on self care and infant care. The difference was significant. (p=0.0001). 6) With regards to postpartum education, the mothers who have had some sort of postpartum education revealed higher nursing needs on physical and self care. And they were more satisfied with nursing of every category except infant care than mothers who had not any postpartum education. Differences was significant between the nursing needs and levels of satisfaction.(p=0.0001). 7) With regards to breast feeding experience during the hospitalization, those who had no experience of breast feeding revealed higher nursing needs on physical care in contrast to breast feeders, who had higher educational needs on infant care. And breast feeder were more satisfied with all categories. Differences was significant(p=0.0001). 8) With regards to perception of self confidence on self care and infant care, no relationship was found on nursing needs and level of satisfaction in every category of nursing.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.230-233
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• 1996

The purposes of this study was to investigate selenium content of human milk and selenium intake of breast-fed infants at each period of lactation longitudinally. The human milk intake in breast-fed infants was measured by test weighing method from 20 lactating mothers at 1,2 and 3 months postpartum. Selenium content in the milks was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with hydride generation after wet digestion of samples. Selenium intake in breast-fed infants was calculated by multiplying human milk intakes by selenium contents. The milk intakes were 640, 726 and 715g/day at 1,2 and 3 months postpartum. The selenium contents in human milk were characterized by a pattern of slight decline with advancing stage of lactation;13.1, 11.5 and 9.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/L at 1,2 and 3 months during lactation. There was a large individual variation at any stage of this study. The mean dietary selenium intakes in breast-fed infants were 8.38, 8.32 and 6.97$\mu\textrm{g}$/day at 1,2 and 3 months postpartum, respectively. The mean daily intakes on a body weight basis were gradually decreased during the course of lactation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.76-88
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• 1993

Maternal body weight, skinfold thickness and circumference measurements were examined in 23 lactating women and 10 nonlactating women longitudinally from 1 week to 12 weeks postpartum. The dietary intakes of Korean lactating and nonlactating women were measured by 24-hour recall method and effects of maternal energy intake on body weight change were analyzed by Pearson correlation. The mean daily energy intake of breast-feeding(BF, n=12), combination of breast and formula-feeding (CF, n=11), and formula-feeding (FF, n=10) mothers were 1941kcal, 187kcal and 1727kcal, respectively. A significant decrease in weight was observed at all group. Weight losses at 12 weeks of postpartum in BF, CF and FF motheres were 3.18kg, 3.91kg and 5.15kg respectively. Weight losses increased as calorie intake decreased (${\gamma}$2=0.3803, p<0.05). The skinfold thickness and circumferences on all regions were decreased significantly except triceps and upper arm circumferences. However, there were no significant differences between lactating and nonlactating women. Anthropometric measurements decreased at the trunk but not at the limbs. Weight change was significantly correlated with changes of the scores for proximal circumference (${\gamma}$2=0.4999, p<0.05). There results suggest that lactation does not promete weight loss in well-nourished women and that the Korean RDA for energy in lactation may be too high.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.85-97
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was done to explore the lived experience of pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum and early child rearing in married immigrant women in urban areas. Methods: Data were collected from February to April, 2011 through in-depth interviews. Nine immigrant women were selected in a metropolitan area through the purposive and snowball sampling method. After obtaining IRB permission and informed consent from the participants, all interviews were recorded with MP3 recorder and transcribed for analysis. Using the phenomenological approach, data collected through in-depth interviewing were analyzed following Colaizzi style. Results: Data analysis revealed 4 categories and 10 themes related to pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum and early child rearing of married immigrant women in urban areas. These four categories were 'A clumsy foreigner's life with nostalgia', 'Crisis in the crisis', 'Unprepared for motherhood', and 'Living together with new family without regrets'. It was a common finding that they were not ready to be mothers because of the very short time for adjustment in Korea. Compared to rural, immigrant women urban women had various in social support systems. Conclusion: The results indicate that adequate education is needed for immigrant women regarding motherhood, and that this education should be culturally appropriate for these women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.233-247
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• 1992

The changes in human milk composition from 2-5 days to 12 weeks postpartum were investigated. Milk from 62 mothers was anlyzed for total nitrogen(semimicro kjeldahl) lipid(utilizing a modified Folch) and lactose(enzymatic hydrolysis) Energy was calculated by frac-tional analysis. And the daily milk intakes and major nutrients and energy intakes of 18 exclusi-vely breast-fed infant were determined by the test-weighing procedure and the direct analysis of milk samples at 6 or 7 weeks postpartum. All samples were from well-defined subjects and uniform collection procedures were used. Total nitrogen content decreased significantly from 392 to 211 mg/dl lipid and lactose content increased from 1.94 to 3.06g/dl and 6.90 to 7.50g/dl respectively. And energy content increased 55.6 to 64.5 kcal/dl but was not statistically significant. The amount of milk ingested ranged from 432 to 1266 ml/day and the mean intake was 764 ml/day. Daily mean intakes for protein and energy were 10.0g and 450kcal in 6 or 7 weeks postpartum respectively.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.259-269
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• 2009

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a breast feeding adaptation scale (BFAS) to evaluate adaptation to breastfeeding for breastfeeding mothers and their infants and to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. Methods: The study was conducted as follows: application of the conceptual framework, identification of the content domains, items generation, and test of validity and reliability. In order to test validity and reliability, two panels of experts reviewed items and subcategories of the preliminary questionnaire and then data were collected from 329 mothers who were up to 4 weeks postpartum and breastfeeding. Descriptive statistics, t-test, factor analysis, and Cronbach's alpha were used to analyze the data. Results: The conceptual framework was based on the Roy adaptation model. The content domains were developed via literature review, review of instruments, and data acquired from the interviews of breastfeeding mothers and nurses. A total of 69 items belonging to 8 domains were generated. A reduction to 44 preliminary items was accomplished through content validity analysis. Factor analysis extracted 8 factors with a total of 27 items on a 5-point Likert scale. Content validity, construct validity, criterion validity, and reliability of the BFAS were established. Conclusion: The newly developed BFAS is a reliable and valid instrument with which the adaptation of breastfeeding mothers and their infants to the breastfeeding behavior can be evaluated.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.48-60
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was to explore the postnatal care experiences among first time Chinese immigrant mothers living in Korea. Methods: Data were collected by focus group interviews with 12 first time Chinese immigrant mothers utilizing 3 focus groups. After obtaining written informed consent from all participants, each session of the focus group was audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed by content analysis to identify major themes. Results: Four major themes for postnatal care experiences were extracted from the data as follows. 1) Range over traditional, modern, Korean or Chinese postnatal care, 2) Struggle with newborn care, 3) Another struggle with breastfeeding, and 4) Difficulties in becoming a mother as an immigrant. Conclusion: Based on their postpartum care experiences, it is concluded that participants requested more professional practical and individualized education/training for successful breastfeeding and newborn care. Health care providers need to develop and implement integrated support and mentoring programs that include information and peer support system for the first time Chinese immigrant mothers living in Korea. This would decrease the difficulties of becoming a mother.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.243-251
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was a comprehensive understanding about maternal transition in mothers with high risk newborns according to the degree of situational meaning. Method: A methodological triangulation that combines qualitative and quantitative methods was used. The situational meaning of a high risk newborn mother was identified using a Family Meaning Attribution Scale. According to the degree of situational meaning, in-depth interviews were conducted at 3 time periods postpartum: between 3-10 days after childbirth, around the time of the newborn's discharge, and between 10-12 weeks after childbirth. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test. Qualitative data was analyzed using Tutty, Rothery, & Grinnell's methodology. Result: The average score of the situational meaning in high the risk newborn mother was 53.57(possible score is between 0-96) and the average score of each item was 1.67. A Maternal transition process in the mother that has a positive situational meaning was conceptualized in three distinctive phases: confusion, accepting, and shaping phases. The Maternal transition process in the mother that has a negative situational meaning was also conceptualized in three distinctive phases: avoiding, conflicting, and accepting phases. Conclusion: It is necessary that the nurses provide high risk newborn mothers with individualized care considering both the situational meaning that is attributed to them and the maternal transition phase that they are faced with.