• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.123-130
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• 2000

Objectives: Postpartum depression(PPD) is a kind of serious problem which influences on the postpartum woman, her family and infant. It has been known to be caused by many factors and some depression scales have been used to assess the degree of PPD. Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale(EPDS) recently began to be used for screening for PPD.Methods: The subjects were 46 women who admitted for postpartum treatment in Oriental Hospital of Woosuk University from May 2000 to December 2000. In this study, we used EPDS and Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) to assess the degree of PPD, and we researched the related factors of PPD. Results: 13 women(28.3%) in the high risk group by EPDS and 7 women(15.2%) in depression - severe depression group by BDI were diagnosed as PPD among the 46 women. There was significant correlation between Epds score and BDI score. The mean score of EPDS was higher in normal delivery group than caesarean delivery group, higher in primiparae group than multiparae group, and higher in the group who delivered female infants than male infants. But there were not significant differences. And there was not significant correlation between EPDS score and age.Conclusions: These results suggest that PPD is quite frequent at postpartum period and it is necessary to treat for PPD. It is important for clinicians to pay attention to the related factors of PPD as well as to recognize and treat PPD.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.358-371
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic, data for developing a program for effective prevention for Postpartum Depression (PPD) by investigating the level of PPD in postpartum 2 weeks women. The subjects were 384 women who visited obstetrical clinics for postnatal care. The data were collected from June 29. 1999 to April. 2000, using a 46-item questionnaire related to PPD, and analyzed by SAS program for t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, stepwise multiple regressions. The results were as follows : 1. The level of PPD according to general characteristics Women had mild PPD (Min score; 46.0, Max score; 124.0). The PPD levels were significantly differences according to religion and marital satisfaction (p<0.05). 2. The level of PPD according to obstetrical characteristics 1) Characteristics related to pregnancy The PPD levels were significantly differences according to mood change, confidence of body weight recovery, depression related to appearance change, husband's help to housework, and husband's emotional support (p<0.05). 2) Stressful events during pregnancy The PPD levels were significantly differences according to financial problem, conflict between partners, conflict between family, and husband's job change (p<0.05). 3) Characteristics related to delivery and post natal period The PPD levels were significantly differences according to baby's health state, parenting confidence, and difficulties related to postpartum care (p<0.05). 3. The variables to predict postpartum depression in postpartum women are depression related to appearance change (10.4%), parenting confidence (8.8%), husband's help to housework (2.7%), confidence of body weight recovery (2.4%), husband's job change (1.9%), baby's health state (1.9%), difficulties related to postpartum care (1.6%), mood change (1.2%), conflict between partners (0.6%), marital satisfaction (0.5%), financial problem (0.4%). The sum total of all the above variables can account for 32.4% of postpartum depression. 4. The level of PPD according to PPD factors. Women had the highest degree of PPD in biophysiological phenomena-disturbance of physical functioning factor. The factors of relationship to baby-negative feeling and cognitive phenomena-self concept disturbance were showed the lowest degree of PPD. As a result of the above findings, a systemic and individualized program is strongly recommended for PPD prevention, diagnosis, and care for PPD in postpartum women. In near future, this study should be expanded to investigate the coping skills according to the PPD levels in postpartum women.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.46-55
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the level of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and postpartum depression (PPD) in Korean mothers with healthy babies and to explore the factors related to postpartum PTSD. Methods: This study used a longitudinal survey design to explore the levels and association of PPD and PTSD. Two hundred women were recruited during pregnancy and the data were collected via online survey from 166 mothers (84% retained) who gave birth to healthy babies, at two postpartum periods: Fear of childbirth was assessed at the 1st week; and spousal support, PPD, and postpartum PTSD were surveyed at the 4th week postpartum. Descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Chi square test, and multiple regression were done. Results: The mean age of mothers was 33.12 (±3.97) years old. Postpartum PTSD was low (8.95±6.49) with 1.8% (n=3) at risk (≥19). PPD was also low (6.68±5.28) and 30.1% (n=50) were identified at risk (≥10). The comorbid rate of PPD with PTSD was 6%. Mothers who did not have a planned pregnancy had higher scores of PPD (t=-2.78, p=.008), whereas spousal support and PPD had negative relationship (r=-.21, p=.006). The overall explanatory power for postpartum PTSD was 55.2%, of which PPD was the only significant variable (β=. 76, t=13.76, p<.001). Conclusion: While only 1.8% was at risk of postpartum PTSD at 4 weeks postpartum, PPD prevalence was 30.1% and PPD was the only influential factor of postpartum PTSD. Assessment and counseling of PPD are required as well as screening for postpartum PTSD. More research is also needed on postpartum PTSD in Korean women.

• 부모자녀건강학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.159-168
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic data for developing a program for effective prevention for postpartum depression (PPD) by investigate the level of PPD in postpartum women. The subjects were 104 women. The data were collected from march, 2003 to June, using a 36 item questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS program for t-test, ANOVA, multiple regression. The results were as follow 1. The score of Postpartum depression was 44.1. The level of PPD according to General Characteristics was significantly difference according to home care need. 2. The level of PPD according to obstetrical characteristics was significantly differences according to postpartum complication(p<.05). depression in pregnancy(p<.01), baby's health state(p<.01). 3. The variables to predict postpartum depression in postpartum women are depression related to depression during pregnancy, complication after delivery, and a baby's condition. As the result of multiple regression analysis, variables bringing about postpartum discomfort were depression during pregnancy, complication after delivery, and a baby's condition, and this model showed the explanatory power at 28.8%. In conclusion, it is necessary to care mothers belonging to a risk group more concentrically by taking the factors causing postpartum depression into account, and to keep on studying repeatedly in order to raise the number of objects and to find related variables because this study has more or less limited objects not enough to generalize a bit. It is also necessary to study to make a program of arbitration in nursing of postpartum depression actually.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.106-114
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this review was to describe a psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) framework for postpartum depression (PPD) and discuss its implications for nursing research and practice for postpartum women. Methods: This study explored the role of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and inflammation as possible mediators of risk factors for PPD through literature review. Results: From this PNI view, human bodies are designed to respond with the reciprocal interactions among the neuro-endocrine and immune system when they are faced with physical or psychological stressors. Chronic stress induces alterations in the function of HPA axis, and a chronic low-grade inflammatory response is associated with depression. The dysfunctions of cytokines and HPA axis have been observed during the postpartum period. Stress promotes glucocorticoid receptor resistance, which can promote inflammatory responses. This, in turn, can contribute to the pathophysiology of depression. This can especially affect populations at vulnerable time-points, such as women in the postpartum. Conclusion: From a PNI perspective, well-designed prospective research evaluating the role of stress and inflammation as an etiology of PPD and the effect of stress reduction is warranted to prevent PPD.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.146-155
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• 2011

Objectives: Since early developed measurement of Postpartum depression(PPD) doesn't reflect physical symptoms, we need to find out how PPD and related physical disorders are expressed in functional medical methods. The study was conducted to find out characteristics of 7 Zone diagnosis and postpartum physical symptoms on PPD. Methods: To 216 postpartum women who did normal delivery, we measured 7-zone-diagnosis Factor AA's height on 5th day and 15th day postpartum. And we surveyed EPDS and postpartum physical symptoms question on 15th day postpartum. Subjects were divided into normal and depression group by EPDS score. And we compared Factor AA's height between two groups and Factor AA's height change in each group. Results: In depression group, Factor AA's height was higher than normal group on 5th day and 15th day postpartum. In both groups Factor AA's height was decreased on 15th day compared to 5th day postpartum. In normal group 2, 6, 7 zone were significantly decreased and in depression group only 6 zone was significantly decreased. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that postpartum depression group has low recuperative power. And these can be judged by Factor AA's height change.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2010

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the scores of postpartum depression(PPD) on the first day, 1st week, and 6th week after the delivery and to explore their related factors before and after delivery in postpartum women. Methods: With a survey design, 293 postpartum women were recruited from a postpartum unit, Ilsin Christian hospital in Pusan via convenience sampling and were followed at 1st week and 6th week in the outpatient clinic. Results: Results showed that the scores of PPD(EPDS score) were low at postpartum 1st day, 1st week and 6th week but prevalence of PPD(EPDS ${\geq}13$)was 3.1%at 1st day, 8.2%at 1st week and 7.5%at 6th week, respectively. The pre-delivery factors were experience of depression, and the post-delivery factors were baby's sex(1st day), no caregiver for baby(1st week), and no help and concern for taking care of baby from husband and family(1st day and 6th week). The greater satisfaction with becoming a mother and her life, and greater maternal attachment were related to lower level of PPD at the three time points. Conclusion: Regular screening for postpartum depression and supportive and informative education is needed for postpartum women visiting the outpatient clinic for follow-up.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.124-133
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• 1999

연구목적 : 산후우울증은 여러 요인이 관여하여 발생하며, 이들 위험요인에는 다양한 심리사회적 요인이 포함된다. 이전의 여러 연구결과들을 통해 산후우울증의 위험요인이 알려지고 있지만 아직까지 국내에서 산후우울증을 대상으로 위험요인을 연구한 경우는 별로 없다. 본 연구는 국내에서 산후우울증의 심리사회적 위험요인으로는 어떤 것이 있는지를 알아보기 위하여 시행되었다. 방법 : 일신기독병원을 방문한 출산 후 약 6~8주에 있는 산모 119명을 대상으로 하였다. 설문지를 이용하여 산후우울증의 위험요인에 대하여 조사하고 산후우울의 정도를 측정하였다. 설문지는 이전 연구들을 통해 알려진 위험요인들을 참고하고 산모들의 스트레스와 관계되는 요인들을 추가하여 작성하였다. 산후 우울증을 평가하기 위해 EPDS(Edinburgh postnatal depression scale)를 번안해서 사용하였고, 산후우울의 정도는 측정된 EPDS 접수에 따라 판단하였다. 결과 : 총 대상 산모 119명 중 EPDS에 의해 산후우울증으로 진단될 수 있는 고위험군은 16명으로, 13.45%의 빈도를 보였다. 고위험군에서는 과거 우울증상을 경험한 경우와 결혼생활에 대한 만족도가 낮은 경우가 저위험군에 비해 유의하게 많았다, 또 과거 우울증상을 경험하였던 군, 임신중 우울과 불안증상을 경험한 군, 임신 및 산욕기동안 스트레스 생활사를 경험하였다고 보고한 군, 결혼생활에 대한 만족도가 낮은 군, 그리고 나이가 많을수록 EPDS 접수가 유의하게 높았다. 반면, 산모의 교육수준, 종교, 직업의 유무, 임신과 출산에 따른 직업중단 희망임신 여부 분만방법 수유방법, 유아의 입원여부, 그리고 기대했던 유아의 성별 및 실제 유아의 성별은 우울증상에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 결론 : 이상의 결과로 볼 때 산후우울증은 산후에 비교적 높은 빈도로 발생 가능하며, 우울증의 과거력, 임신동안 우울과 불안증상의 경험, 스트레스 생활사, 결혼생활에 대한 낮은 만족도, 그리고 산모의 연령과 같은 요소들이 산후우울증의 위험요인이었다. 임신과 산욕기 동안 산모에 대하여 적절히 정신의학적으로 개입함으로서 조기에 산후우울증을 발견하고 치료할 수 있으며, 산후우울증으로 인하여 산모와 유아에게 미치는 다양한 손실을 예방할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.237-248
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• 2012

출산 후 우울감이 있는 여성의 갑상선질환 빈도가 증가하면서 출산 후 우울증과 갑상선질환의 상관성 여부가 논의의 대상이 되고 있다. 본 연구는 출산 후 우울증의 유병률을 예측하고 초음파검사를 통한 갑상선질환과의 상관성에 대해 연구하고자 한다. 2010년 1월부터 2011년 11월까지 M산부인과에 내원한 출산 후 1년 이내의 환자 230명을 대상으로, 우울증 선별검사와 대상자의 일반적 특성을 조사하였고 갑상선검사는 초음파검사와 혈액검사를 하였다. 대상자 230명 중 비우울집단은 122명(53.0%), 우울집단은 108명(47.0%)이었다. 갑상선 초음파검사에서 갑상선의 크기변화가 있었던 27명 중 비우울집단은 4명 (14.8%)이었고, 우울집단은 23명(85.2%)이었다. 또한 갑상선 결절이 발견된 124명 중 비우울집단은 45명(35.8%)이었고, 우울집단은 79명(64.2%)이었다. 초음파유도하 미세침흡인검사 결과, 양성 33명 중 비우울집단은 15명(45.5%)이었고, 우울집단은 18명(54.5%)이었다. 갑상선염 3명 중 비우울집단은 1명(33.3%)이었고, 우울집단은 2명(66.7%)이었다. 악성 5명은 모두 우울집단에서만 나타났다. 초음파검사를 통한 갑상선의 크기변화, 갑상선 결절의 발생빈도 등 갑상선질환은 우울집단이 비우울집단에 비해 높게 나타났으며 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 갑상선 혈액검사 결과, 비정상적인 갑상선자극호르몬의 수치를 보였던 7명 중 비우울집단은 2명(28.6%)이었고, 우울집단은 5명(71.4%)이었다. 비정상적인 유리티록신의 수치를 보였던 9명 중 비우울집단은 4명(44.4%)이었고, 우울집단은 5명(55.6%)이었다. 갑상선 기능이상은 230명 중 5명이었고, 5명 중 비우울집단에서는 잠재적 갑상선항진증이 2명이었다. 우울집단에서는 잠재적 갑상선저하증이 1명, 잠재적 갑상선항진증이 2명이었고 혈액검사를 통한 두 집단의 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구는 출산 후 우울증과 초음파검사를 통한 갑상선질환의 상관성이 나타났으며, 본 연구의 객관적 결과들이 출산 후 우울증과 갑상선질환에 대한 폭넓은 인식과 예방 및 치료의 가이드라인을 제시할 수 있을것이라 사료된다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2006

Depression is the leading cause of disease-related disability among women. Postpartal depression (PPD) can produce substantial clinical, economic, and psychosocial impairment, not only for the women experiencing it but also for the women's children and family. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding the accurate detection and appropriate treatment of depression is mandatory in women of childbearing age. This review focused on the current knowledge of PPD.