• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.81-84
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• 1988

유방절제술 후 임파육종은 유방암 환자에서 유방절제술 후 상지에 생기는 흔치 않은 악성 암이다. 유방절제술 후 임파육종에 평균 발병 연령은 63.9세이고 유방절제 후 발병할 때까지의 기간은 평균 10년 3개월이다. 유방절제술 후 임파육종은 혈관과 임파관에서부터 발생하는 것으로 알려져 있고 조직학적 소견은 진피의 부종과 악성세포로 둘러싸인 확장된 임파선이 특징이다. 견관절 분리술이나 전사분부 절제술 등의 광범위한 절제가 가장 효과적인 치료법으로 알려져 있고 방사선 치료를 포함한 다른 치료방법은 큰 도움이 않되는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 저자들은 유방절제술 후 만성 림프부종을 동반한 임파육종이 외부 방사선 조사에 의하여 종괴의 감소를 보여 이에 보고하는 바이다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.346-351
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• 2022

Background Postmastectomy breast reconstruction (PMR) increases patient satisfaction, quality of life, and psychosocial well-being. There is scarce data regarding the safety of PMR in chronic anticoagulated patients. Perioperative complications can reduce patient satisfaction; therefore, it is important to elucidate the safety of PMR in these patients. Methods A retrospective case-control study of patients who underwent PMR with implants and were on chronic anticoagulation was performed at our institution. Inclusion criteria were women ≥ 18 years old. Exclusion criteria included autologous reconstructions, lumpectomy, and oncoplastic procedures. Two controls for every one patient on anticoagulation were matched by age, body mass index, radiotherapy, smoking history, type of reconstruction, time of reconstruction, and laterality. Results From 2009 to 2020, 37 breasts (20 patients) underwent PMR with implant-based reconstruction and were on chronic anticoagulation. A total of 74 breasts (40 patients) who had similar demographic characteristics to the cases were defined as the control group. Mean age for the case group was 53.6 years (standard deviation [SD] = 16.1), mean body mass index was 28.6 kg/m² (SD = 5.1), and 2.7% of breasts had radiotherapy before reconstruction and 5.4% after reconstruction. Nine patients were on long-term warfarin, six on apixaban, three on rivaroxaban, one on low-molecular-weight heparin, and one on dabigatran. The indications for anticoagulation were prior thromboembolic events in 50%. Anticoagulated patients had a higher risk of capsular contracture (10.8% vs. 0%, p = 0.005). There were no differences regarding incidence of hematoma (2.7% vs. 1.4%, p = 0.63), thromboembolism (5% vs. 0%, p = 0.16), reconstructive-related complications, or length of hospitalization (1.6 days [SD = 24.2] vs. 1.4 days [SD = 24.2], p = 0.85). Conclusion Postmastectomy implant-based breast reconstruction can be safely performed in patients on chronic anticoagulation with appropriate perioperative management of anticoagulation. This information can be useful for preoperative counseling on these patients.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.332-338
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• 2022

Background Postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) is allegedly associated with a higher risk of complications of combined nipple-sparing or skin-sparing mastectomy and subpectoral direct-to-implant immediate breast reconstruction ([N]SSM/SDTI-IBR). For this reason, this combination is usually advised against or, even, refused in women who need to undergo PMRT. Because this advice has never been justified, we assessed the short-term complications that may potentially be associated with PMRT after [N]SSM/SDTI-IBR. Methods We compared the complications requiring reintervention and implant loss occurring after 273 [N]SSM/SDTI-IBR that were exposed to PMRT within the first 16 postoperative weeks (interventional group) to those occurring in 739 similarly operated breasts that were not (control group). Additionally, we compared the fraction of complications requiring reintervention occurring after the onset of radiotherapy in the interventional group to that occurring after a comparable postoperative period in the control group. Results The fraction of breasts requiring unscheduled surgical reinterventions for complications and the loss of implants did not differ significantly between both groups but significantly more reinterventions were needed among the controls (p = 0.00). The fraction of events after the onset of radiotherapy in the interventional group was higher than the fraction of events after 6.2 weeks in the control group, but not significantly so. Conclusion We found no prove for the alleged increase of short-term complications of adjuvant radiotherapy. Therefore, we advise that these should not be considered valid arguments to advice against [N]SSM/SDTI-IBR.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2004

목적: 유방절제술 후 방사선치료와 항암화학요법을 시행한 유방암 환자의 치료성적을 연구하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1989년부터 1995년까지 유방절제술 후 여성 유방암 병기 II-III로 방사선치료를 받았던 83명의 환자를 대상으로 후향적 분석을 시행하였다. 연령 분포는 $23\~77$세였고 중앙 연령은 46세로 77명은 변형된 근치적유방절제술을, 5명은 근치적 유방절제술을, 1명은 단순유방절제술을 받았다. 80명($96\%$)의 환자에서 액와림프절 전이 소견을 보였고 병리학적 병기상 11명이 2기초, 23명이 2기말, 44명은 3기초, 5명은 3기말이었다. 방사선치료는 80명의 환자에서 "hocky-stick 조사문"을 사용하였고 방사선치료 선량의 중앙값은 일일 1.8 Gy, 총 50.4 Gy였다. 74명($89\%$)의 환자에서 항암화학요법이 병행되었으며, 54명($65\%$)의 환자에서 CMF 혹은 doxorubicin이 포함된 약제가 투여되었다. 추적기간은 $8\~17$개월로 중앙값은 82개월이었다. 결과: 5년 및 10년 전체생존율은 각각 $65\%$와 $49\%$이었다. 생존율에 대한 단변량 및 다변량분석에서 병기 2기와 항암화학요법을 병행한 환자군에서 유의한 생존율의 증가를 보여 주었다. 국소재발률은 $16\%$였으며, 방사선치료 후 $4\~84$개월(중앙값: 20개월) 사이에 발생하였다. 국소재발을 보인 13명 중 6명은 국소 재발 단독으로, 그 외 7명은 원격전이와 동시에 국소재발이 발생하였다. 방사선 치료시기와 관련하여 수술 후 6개월 이내에 방사선치료를 받았던 환자군 에서는 국소재발률이 $141\%$인 반면 6개월 이후에 방사선치료를 시행한 경우는 $27\%$였다(p=0.24). 국소재발과 관련하여 시행한 단변량 및 다변량 분석에서는 항암화학요법의 병행 유무가 가장 유의한 예후인자 였다. 그러나 방사선과 항암제의 병행 방법에 따른 생존율이나 국소재발률의 차이는 보이지 않았다. 전체 환자의 약 1/3에서 방사선치료 후 $2\~92$개월(중앙값: 21개월) 사이에 원격전이가 관찰되었고 가장 흔히 침범되는 장기는 골이었다. 17명($20\%$)의 환자에서 방사선폐렴이 확인되었고 방사선 완료 후 $2\~7$개월(중앙값: 3개월) 사이에 발생하였다 이중 $65\%$ (l1/17)의 환자에 서는 단순흉부촬영상 폐섬유화 소견이 잔존하였다. 결론: 본 연구를 통하여 유방절제술 후 방사선치료가 필요하였던 유방암 환자에서 항암제의 병행 치료는 방사선 단독치료에 비해 종양의 국소제어율과 생존율이 향상됨을 알 수 있었다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.544-549
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• 2019

Background As the indications for postmastectomy radiotherapy expand, innovative solutions are required to reduce operative complications and reconstructive failure after prosthetic breast reconstruction. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) inlay grafts in preventing postoperative wound dehiscence of irradiated breasts in the context of prosthetic breast reconstruction. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted of 45 patients who received two-stage prosthetic reconstruction and radiotherapy following mastectomy. An ADM graft was placed beneath the incisional site during the second-stage operation in 19 patients using marionette sutures, whereas the control group did not receive the ADM reinforcement. Patient demographics and complications such as wound dehiscence, capsular contracture, peri-prosthetic infection, cellulitis, and seroma were compared between the two groups. Results During an average follow-up period of 37.1 months, wound dehiscence occurred significantly less often in the ADM-reinforced closure group (0%) than in the non-ADM group (23.1%) (P=0.032). There was no significant difference between the two groups in relation to other complications, such as capsular contracture, postoperative infection, or seroma. Conclusions The ADM inlay graft is a simple and easily reproducible technique for preventing incisional dehiscence in the setting of radiotherapy after prosthetic breast reconstruction. The ADM graft serves as a buttress to offload tension during healing and provides a mechanical barrier against pathogens. Application of this technique may serve to reduce complications in prosthetic breast reconstruction after radiotherapy.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.285-294
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• 2018

Purpose: To determine the necessity of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) and which regions would be at risk for recurrence, we evaluated local and regional recurrence in breast cancer patients with 1-3 positive nodes and a tumor size of <5 cm. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data of 133 female breast cancer patients with 1-3 positive nodes, and a tumor size of <5 cm who were treated with mastectomy followed by adjuvant systemic therapy between 2007 and 2016. The median follow-up period was 57 months (range, 12 to 115 months). Most patients (82.7%) were treated with axillary lymph node dissection. Adjuvant chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and trastuzumab therapy were administered to 124 patients (93.2%), 112 (84.2%), and 33 (24.8%), respectively. The most common chemotherapy regimen was anthracycline and cyclophosphamide followed by taxane (71.4%). Results: Three patients (2.3%), 8 (6.0%), and 12 (9.0%) experienced local, regional, and distant failures, respectively. The 5-year cumulative risk of local recurrence, regional recurrence, distant metastasis, and disease-free survival was 3.1%, 8.0%, 11.7%, and 83.4%, respectively. There were no statistically significant clinicopathologic factors associated with local recurrence. Lymphovascular invasion (univariate p = 0.015 and multivariate p = 0.054) was associated with an increased risk of regional recurrence. Conclusion: Our study showed a very low local recurrence in patients with 1-3 positive nodes and tumor size of <5 cm who were treated with mastectomy and modern adjuvant systemic treatment. The PMRT volume need to be tailored for each patient's given risk for local and regional recurrence, and possible radiation-related toxicities.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.497-503
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• 2012

Background Postmastectomy adjuvant therapy is used to prevent locoregional recurrence and improve overall breast cancer specific survival rates. However, it can adversely affect the cosmetic results of reconstruction. Therefore, the authors examined flap stability and patients' satisfaction with immediate breast reconstruction after adjuvant therapy. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 204 patients from January 2006 to November 2011. For complication rates, the authors categorized the patients who underwent the immediate breast reconstruction into 4 groups: adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy group, adjuvant chemotherapy only group, adjuvant radiotherapy only group, and the group that did not undergo adjuvant therapy. For comparison of patients' satisfaction, the study was performed with an additional 16 patients who had undergone delayed breast reconstruction. Results Regarding complication rates, the group that had undergone adjuvant therapy showed no significant difference compared to the group that did not undergo adjuvant therapy. In evaluating the patients' satisfaction, there was no significant difference. Conclusions Even after adjuvant therapy, immediate breast reconstruction showed good results with respect to flap stability and patients' satisfaction. Immediate breast reconstruction and adjuvant therapy is a safe and useful option for breast cancer patients.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2018

Deep inspiration breathing hold (DIBH) compared to free-breathing (FB) during radiotherapy (RT) has significantly decreased radiation dose to heart and has been one of the techniques adopted for patients with breast cancer. However, patients who are unable to make suitable deep inspiration breath may not be eligible for DIBH, yet still need to spare the heart and lung during breast cancer RT (left-sided RT in particular). Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a positive airway pressure ventilator, which keeps the airways continuously open and subsequently inflates the thorax resembling thoracic changes from DIBH. In this report, authors applied CPAP instead of FB during left-sided breast cancer RT including internal mammary node in a patient who was unable to tolerate DIBH, and substantially decreased radiation dose the heart and lung with CPAP compared to FB.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.483-493
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• 2021

Background Direct-to-implant (DTI) breast reconstruction after nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) with the use of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) provides reliable outcomes; however, the use of ADM is associated with a higher risk of complications. We analyzed our experiences of post-NSM DTI without ADM and identified the predictive factors of adverse surgical outcomes. Methods Patients who underwent NSM and immediate DTI or two-stage tissue expander (TE) breast reconstruction from 2009 to 2020 were enrolled. Predictors of adverse endpoints were analyzed. Results There were 100 DTI and 29 TE reconstructions. The TE group had a higher rate of postmastectomy radiotherapy (31% vs. 11%; P=0.009), larger specimens (317.37±176.42 g vs. 272.08±126.33 g; P=0.047), larger implants (360.84±85.19 g vs. 298.83±81.13 g; P=0.004) and a higher implant/TE exposure ratio (10.3% vs. 1%; P=0.035). In DTI reconstruction, age over 50 years (odds ratio [OR], 5.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.50-19.74; P=0.010) and a larger mastectomy weight (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.08-2.51; P=0.021) were associated with a higher risk of acute complications. Intraoperative radiotherapy for the nipple-areolar complex increased the risk of acute complications (OR, 4.05; 95% CI, 1.07-15.27; P=0.039) and the likelihood of revision surgery (OR, 5.57; 95% CI, 1.25-24.93; P=0.025). Conclusions Immediate DTI breast reconstruction following NSM is feasible in Asian patients with smaller breasts.

• 대한골관절종양학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.178-183
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• 2009

혈관육종은 악성 연부 조직 종양 중 매우 드문 형태의 종양으로 그 중 만성 림프부종에 발생한 것을 Stewart-Treves syndrome이라 부르기도 한다. 이는 일반적으로 유방암의 치료로 행해지는 유방제거술 및 방사선 치료 후 상지의 장기간의 림프부종의 합병증으로 주로 발생되는 것으로 알려져 있으며 예후는 좋지 않은 것으로 보고하고 있다. 저자들은 17년 전 자궁암으로 자궁적출술을 받은 환자가 수술 후 발생한 장기간의 하지의 림프부종으로 인해 1년 전 타병원에서 대퇴부의 수술적인 치료를 받았으나 이 후 대퇴부의 혈관육종이 발생하여 광범위 절제술을 시행한 예를 경험하였기에 이를 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.