• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.47-72
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• 2009

Since the Soviet Union collapsed, Russia has been aggressively seeking a role and place in the U.S.-led international order. Russia conditionally cooperated with the U.S. global policy, efforts to protect and expand the national interests in Post-soviet region. In this context, Post-soviet space is the arena of the struggle among the world powers. Especially in Ukraine as the Axis power of Post-soviet space, hegemony conflicts so called 'New Cold War' between Russia and western powers including U.S. have appeared. This paper examines what are Russian military security strategy and policy, how these come to fruition in Ukraine, what are important factors of complications and its aspect.

• Russian Language and Literature
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• no.64
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• pp.191-217
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• 2019

This article aims to examine the possibility of conflicts and disputes between titular nations and ethnic minority groups in the post Soviet countries where most of the policies were designed only for the titular nations. Most of the Post-Soviet countries supported a policy that a language of the indigenous national must be used as a lingua franca. This caused the resistance of minority people in the countries. Especially, the promotion of the language status and function as an indigenous national language resulted in discrimination in the political, economic and socio-cultural areas of the ethnic minorities. In the 14 new independent countries except for the Russian Federation, the Russians became an ethnic minority. It led Russian peoples to emigrate out of the new independent country, creating a chaotic situation. In the Baltic region, Russians have descended to ethnic minorities, and the use of Russian language has also been banned. Thus there is a possibility of a conflict between the titular nations and Russians. The ethnic minorities in Moldova are also Russians, who constitute a de facto independent state, Transnistria. Another ethnic minority, the Gagauzes, compromised with the Moldovan government and formed a self-governing organization in the territory of Moldova. However, there is a possibility of a conflict between the titular nations and Gagauzes. Ethnic minorities in the Caucasus region are the Abkhazians, Ossetians of Georgia, the Russians and Azerbaijani of Armenia, and the Russians and Armenians of Azerbaijan. The status of the Russians and Russian language in Armenia and Azerbaijan remains virtually unchanged, but the Russian-speaking regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia are still likely to experience ethnic and language disputes. Minorities in Central Asia are the Karakalpaks and Tajiks in Uzbekistan, and the Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan (mostly in Osh Province) as well as the Russians and Koreans, who were Russian single language users and became ethnic minorities in the new environment.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.129-154
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• 2010

In Post-soviet Space, particularly the Central Asian is a great turbulence region called the 'Eurasian Balkan', where diverse factors of conflict and dispute are existed. In Central Asia, a current regional security system is characterized by various multilateral cooperation relations among Central Asian nations and the world powers, such as NATO(PfP), OSCE, CIS, CSTO, CACO, SCO, CICA and so on. But nothing could obtain superiority as pan-regional security system. Unless internal problems and conflicts of the Central Asian nations be solved, security won't be assured in this region. Narrow-minded and blind realism will spread insecure region, make a lasting trouble spot in Eurasian continent. The purpose of this article is to explore significance for international relations of security system in the Central Asia. I examine general features of regional security environment formed after the Soviet Union's collapse, characteristics of multilateral cooperation related with Central Asian nations. Through consideration current situations I suggest prospects of security system in Central Asia.

• Russian Language and Literature
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• no.65
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• pp.85-108
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• 2019

This paper analyzes Iosif Brodsky's poems dedicated to the ruins. These poems have common themes and structures and we can call it Iosif Brodsky's ruin-text which can give some hints on poet's views on time and space. First, we define the meaning of Brodsky's post-apocalyptic chronotop "after our era" and show that it can be an alternative time and space where the Soviet concept of linear time constructed on the sacred belief in the human progress is rejected. In the subsequent analysis of the series of poems that make up the ruin-text of Brodsky, we will show that the ruins are a self-sufficient space in which time and language are fully realized. Finally, analyzing the quintessential text of Brodsky's time philosophy "Butterfly" in the intertextuality with Osip Mandelshtam's poem on butterfly, we can show that the small marginal creature becomes the very entelechy of time a la Aristotle. Butterfly, oscillating between the form and material of time, realizes the factura of time, its substance, which is the ultimate goal of Brodsky's poetry.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.233-242
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• 2020

The history of mankind's lunar exploration began in 1958 with the United States of America "Pioneer 0" mission. In 1950s~1970s, the United States of America and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics carried out missions and experienced numerous failures to explore the moon. Since the 1990s, Japan, Europe, China and other Advanced country in Space technology have started to explore the moon and in 2016, Korea began to develop the lunar orbiter for lunar exploration. This paper analyzed the failure cases and causes of the lunar exploration in the USA and the USSR in the 1950s~1970s according to the mission purpose. Examples of mission delays, cancel, and failures that occurred during lunar exploration in post-1990s were presented. Through the investigation and analysis, this paper is intended to serve as a reference of the lunar exploration mission that Korea is working on or will be performing in the future.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.421-437
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• 2009

China has transformed her strategies for economic development from exogenous development founded on foreign capitals to endogenous development based on enhancing technology innovation capabilities since 2000. More specifically, Chinese business activities have coupled with new institutional settings which enable them to facilitate advanced technology and management methods. As a result, the characteristics of the spatial economy in China are likely to transfer from export-led developmental space to technology-oriented developmental space. In this context, this paper aims to identify the characteristics of technology-oriented space by investigating intra-, inter- and extra-firms relations of Korean FDI firms in Shanghai, China. In terms of intra-firm relations, Korean FDI firms adopted strategies for maximizing business efficiency and effectiveness by transforming their personal networks into formal networks. In terms of inter-firm relations, the distinction of Korean FDI firms' networks has been found in accordance with firm size, industrial sectors, ways of investment etc. Finally, Korean FDI firms has formal networks resulted from institutional involvement, as well as informal (personal) networks based on guanxi (inter-personal relations) in extra-firm relations. Therefore, two types of processes affecting the networks and institutional legacies of the Soviet system can be identified. First is the interaction of institutions and restructuring of pre-existing networks. Second is the insulated institutions and endurance of preexisting networks. And these two governance types have created regional economies which are embedded and over-embedded.