• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.77-91
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• 1996

틱장애 아동들의 생화학적인 원인을 규명하고, 동반 질환과의 관계를 규명하기 위하여 87명의 틱장애 아동과 30명이 대조군을 대상으로 하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다 87명 중 45명은 Tourette씨병(TS)이었고, 22명은 만성틱장애(chronic motor tic disorder, CMT), 20명은 일과성틱장애(transient tic disorder, TTD)이었다. 공존질병에 따른 분류로는 순수한 틱군(PT)은 43명, 틱과 주의력결핍 과잉운동장애(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, T+ADHD)가 동반된 군이 28명, 틱과 강박장애(obsessive compulsive disorder, T+OCD)가 동반된 군이 16명이었다. 이들 대상군과 대조군에 대하여 혈장 5- HT(5-hydroxytryptamine)와 5-HIAA(5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid)를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 혈장내 5-HT함량과 5-HTAA함량 간에는 통계적으로 의미있는 상관성이 관찰되었다(Pearson correlation coefficient, 0.77, p<0.05). 2) 대상군에서 연령과 5-HT또는 연령과 5-HIAA함량과는 통계적으로 의미있는 상관성이 관찰되지 않았다. 3) 대조군에서 연령과 5-HT또는 연령과 5-HIAA함량과는 통계적으로 의미있는 상관성이 관찰되지 않았다. 4) 혈장 내의 5-HT함량은 TS, CMT, TTD그리고 대조군간에 통계적으로 의미있는 차이가 관찰되었으며 (F=34.48, df=3.113. p<0.01), 사후검증에서는 대조군과 TS군, 대조군과 CMT군, 대조군과TTD군간에는 의미있는 차이가 관찰되었으나, TS군과 CMT군 TS군과 TTD군, 그리고 TTD군과CMT군 간에는 의미있는 차이가 없었다. 5) 혈장 내의 5-HIAA함량은 TS군, CMT군, TTD군 그리고 대조군 간에 통계적으로 의미있는 차이가 관찰되었으며(F=26.48, df=3,113, p<0.01), 사후검증에서는 대조군과 TS군, 대조군과 CMT군, 대조군과 TTD군 간에는 의미있는 차이가 관찰되었으나. TS군과 CMT군 TS군과 TTD군, 그리고 TTD군과 CMT군 간에는 의미있는 차이가 없었다. 6) 공존질병의 생화학적 소견에 미치는 영향에 대하여는 혈장 내의 5-HT와 5-HIAA함량은 PT군, T+ADHD군, T+OCD군 그리고 대조군간에 통계적으로 의미있는 차이가 관찰되었으며 (5-HT, F=37.59, df=3, 113, p<0.01, 5-HIAA, F=27.37, df=3, 113, p<0.01), 사후검증에서는 대조군과 PT군. 대조군과 T+ADHD군, 대조군과 T+OCD군간에는 통계적으로 의미있는 차이가 관찰되었으나, PT군과 T+ADHD군, PT군과 T+ADHD군, PT군과 T+OCD군, 그리고 T+ADHD군과 T+OCD군간에는 의미있는 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 serotonin계의 개체발생적인 과정은 대상군과 대조군에서 차이가 없으나, serotonin계의 기능저하가 틱장애의 발병과 관련이 있다고 할 수 있으며, 공존질병이 생화학적인 소견에 미치는 영향은 극미하다고 할 수 있다. 향후의 연구에 있어서는 틱장애에 대하여 serotonin계의 기능항진을 일으키는 약물 투여의 효과에 대한 연구가 시행되어야 하며 분자생물학적인 방법을 사용하여 그 기전을 규명하여야 한다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2021

Purpose. This study aims to compare the volumetric change, degree of conversion (DOC), and cytotoxicity of 3D-printed restorations post-cured under three different conditions. Materials and Methods. 3D-printed interim restorations were post-cured under three different conditions and systems: 5 min, 30 min, and 24 h. Three-unit and six-unit fixed dental prostheses (n = 30 for each case) were printed; ten specimens from each group were post-cured and then scanned to compare their volumetric changes. Root-mean-squared (RMS) values of the data were acquired by superimposing the scanned files with original files. Thirty disk-shaped specimens were printed to evaluate the DOC ratio. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to compare the DOCs of 10 specimens from each group. Human gingival fibroblasts were used to measure the cell viability of every specimen (n = 7). The data from this experiment were employed for one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc comparisons. Results. Differences between the three-unit restorations were statistically insignificant, regardless of the post-curing conditions. However, for the six-unit restorations, a high RMS value was acquired when the post-curing duration was 30 min. The average DOC was approximately 56 - 62%; the difference between each group was statistically insignificant. All the groups exhibited cell viability greater than 70%, rendering them clinically acceptable. Conclusion. The post-curing conditions influenced the volume when the length of the restoration was increased. However, this deviation was found to be clinically acceptable. Additionally, post-curing did not significantly influence the DOC and cytotoxicity of the restorations.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.272-277
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of static stretching of the plantar flexor for 5 minutes on balance and ankle muscle activity when walking in young adults. Methods: This study experimented on 20 healthy college students without vestibular and musculoskeletal diseases. Subjects performed static stretching intervention of plantar flexor for 5 minutes on a stretch board set at 15° to 25° Balance was measured four times before intervention (pre), after intervention (post), 5 minutes after intervention (post 5 min), 10 minutes after intervention (post 10 min), and ankle muscle activity was measured during walking. For the analysis and post hoc analysis, one-way Repeated Measure ANOVA and Fisher's LSD (Last Significant Difference) was performed to find out the change in balance and the activity of ankle muscles before static stretching, pre, post, post 5 minutes rest, post 10 minutes rest. Results: There was no significant difference in weight distribution index (WDI) in balance, but stability index (ST) showed a significant difference, and there was also a significant difference in correlation pre, post, post 5min rest, post 10 minutes rest (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in ankle muscle activity during walking in Tibialis anterior (TA), Medial gastrocnemius (GM), and Lateral gastrocnemius (GL) (p>0.05). Conclusion: The stability index (ST) increased significantly immediately after static stretching and decreased after 5 minutes. After static stretching, at least 5 minutes of rest are required to restore balance.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2017

Purpose: This study attempts to identify the effects of abdominal strength training using proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on the balance ability and pain level of patients with chronic lower back pain. Methods: A total of 30 patients with chronic lower back pain were randomly divided into either experimental group I (n=10), who received abdominal strength training using PNF, experimental group II (n=10), who received abdominal strengthening training, or the control group (n=10), who received conventional physiotherapy. The interventions were applied three times a week for six weeks. We measured Berg's balance scale (BBS) in order to investigate the change in balance ability, while we measured the visible analogue scale (VAS) to determine the severity of pain. We conducted a paired t-test to compare the within-group change before and after the intervention. For the comparison of the between-group difference, we used a one-way ANOVA test. Tukey's test was used as a post hoc test. The statistical significance level was set at ${\alpha}=0.05$ for all the variables. Results: Experimental group I and experimental group II showed a significant within-group change in BBS (p<0.01). A statistically significant between-group difference was observed in terms of the change in BBS (p<0.01). According to the results of the post hoc Tukey test, experimental group I and experimental group II showed a more effective change in BBS than the control group. Experimental group I, experimental group II, and the control group all showed a significant within-group change in the VAS (p<0.01). There was a statistically significant between-group difference in terms of the change in the VAS (p<0.01). According to the results of the post hoc Tukey test, the change in the VAS was more effective in experimental group I than in experimental group II and the control group. Conclusion: In this study, the application of abdominal strength training using PNF for subjects who complained of chronic lower back pain proved effective in improving their balance ability and reducing pain. We therefore believe that this training method could be applied as a useful program for patients with chronic lower back pain.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제9권9호
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• pp.393-402
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• 2009

본 연구는 중년기남성의 운동변화단계에 따른 신체적 자기효능감과 우울 및 스트레스의 수준에 차이가 있는지를 검증하는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 서울에 거주하는 만 40세부터 50세의 남성으로 일용직, 사무직, 전문직 종사자를 대상으로 자료를 수집하여 최종 289부의 설문을 최종분석에 이용하였다. 자료처리는 SPSS 12.0을 사용하여 탐색적 요인분석, 신뢰도분석, 1-way ANOVA, 상관관계분석을 이용하여 결과를 도출하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 연구대상의 운동변화단계에 따라 신체적 자기효능감은 유의한 차이를 보였고 사후검증 결과 단계가 높아질수록 신체적 자기효능감이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 연구대상의 운동변화단계에 따라 우울의 수준은 유의한 차이를 보였고 사후검증 결과 전반적으로 단계가 높아질수록 우울이 낮은 수준을 나타내는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 연구대상으로 운동변화에 따른 스트레스는 유의한 차이를 보였고 사후검증결과 준비단계가 유지단계보다, 계획전단계가 행동단계와 유지단계보다 낮은 스트레스 수준을 나타냈다. 넷째, 운동변화단계가 높아질수록 우울, 스트레스가 감소하고 신체적 자기효능감은 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2024

Background: The delivery of profound local anesthetics helps children receive successful treatment by reducing fear, anxiety, and discomfort during dental procedures. Local anesthetic injections are the most anticipated stimuli in dental surgery. Children's perceptions of pain can be altered by applying cryotherapy to precool the oral mucosa or by diverting their minds through taste distractions before administering local anesthetic injections. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of cryoanesthesia and xylitol sweet-tasting solution at the injection site in 7-10-year-old children. Methods: A total of 42 participants, aged 7-10 years, who underwent dental treatment requiring local anesthesia, were enrolled in the study. The children were randomly divided into three groups. In group I, sterile water was held in the mouth for 2 minutes before anesthetic administration, similar to group II, and in group III, a xylitol sweet-tasting solution was used for 2 minutes before needle insertion. The analysis of pain perception was carried out based on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Sound, Eyes, and Motor (SEM) scale. For VAS analysis, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for intergroup comparison, and a post hoc Tukey test was performed for subgroup analysis. For the categorical SEM scale, the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the post hoc test was performed for intergroup comparison. Where a P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant at 95% confidence intervals. Results: Cryoanesthesia significantly reduced pain scores on VAS (4.21 ± 1.42) when compared to those on VAS with xylitol sweet-tasting solution (5.50 ± 1.40) and that with sterile water (6.14 ± 2.47). Intergroup comparison of the VAS scores among the three groups was performed using one-way ANOVA, which demonstrated statistically significant differences (P value <0.026) on the VAS scale. Intergroup comparison of the SEM scale was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by post hoc comparison, which exhibited statistically significant differences (P < 0.007) among the three groups for the SEM scale. Conclusion: Cryoanesthesia demonstrated higher efficacy in reducing injection pain than that exhibited by the xylitol sweet-tasting solution.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.37.1-37.10
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• 2019

Objectives: This study evaluated the bond strength of various fiberglass post cementation techniques using different resin-based composites. Materials and Methods: The roots from a total of 100 bovine incisors were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups: G1, post + Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP) + RelyX ARC luting agent; G2, relined post (Filtek Z250) + SBMP + RelyX ARC; G3, individualized post (Filtek Z250) + SBMP; G4, individualized post (Filtek Bulk-Fill) + SBMP; G5, individualized post (Filtek Bulk-Fill Flow) + SBMP. The samples were subjected to the push-out (n = 10) and pull-out (n = 10) bond strength tests. Data from the push-out bond strength test were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Bonferroni post hoc test, and data from the pull-out bond strength test were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA. Results: The data for push-out bond strength presented higher values for G2 and G5, mainly in the cervical and middle thirds, and the data from the apical third showed a lower mean push-out bond strength in all groups. No significant difference was noted for pull-out bond strength among all groups. The most frequent failure modes observed were adhesive failure between dentine and resin and mixed failure. Conclusions: Fiberglass post cementation using restorative and flowable bulk-fill composites with the individualization technique may be a promising alternative to existing methods of post cementation.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.126-132
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• 2013

PURPOSE. Post surface conditioning is necessary to expose the glass fibers to enable bonding between fiber post and resin cement. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different surface conditioning on tensile bond strength (TBS) of a glass fiber reinforced post to resin cement. MATERIALS AND METHODS. In this in vitro study, 40 extracted single canal central incisors were endodontically treated and post spaces were prepared. The teeth were divided into four groups according to the methods of post surface treatment (n=10): 1) Silanization after etching with 20% $H_2O_2$, 2) Silanization after airborne-particle abrasion, 3) Silanization, and 4) No conditioning (Control). Adhesive resin cement (Panavia F 2.0) was used for cementation of the fiber posts to the root canal dentin. Three slices of 3 mm thick were obtained from each root. A universal testing machine was used with a cross-head speed of 1 mm/minute for performing the push-out tests. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used for analyzing data (${\alpha}$=0.05). RESULTS. It is revealed that different surface treatments and root dentin regions had significant effects on TBS, but the interaction between surface treatments and root canal regions had no significant effect on TBS. There was significant difference among $H_2O_2$ + Silane Group and other three groups. CONCLUSION. There were significant differences among the mean TBS values of different surface treatments. Application of hydrogen peroxide before silanization increased the bond strength between resin cements and fiber posts. The mean TBS mean values was significantly greater in the coronal region of root canal than the middle and apical thirds.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.89-99
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• 2021

PURPOSE. This study aimed to compare the accuracy (trueness and precision) of interim crowns fabricated using DLP (digital light processing) according to post-curing time. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A virtual stone study die of the upper right first molar was created using a dental laboratory scanner. After designing interim crowns on the virtual study die and saving them as Standard Triangulated Language files, 30 interim crowns were fabricated using a DLP-type 3D printer. Additively manufactured interim crowns were post-cured using three different time conditions-10-minute post-curing interim crown (10-MPCI), 20-minute post-curing interim crown (20-MPCI), and 30-minute post-curing interim crown (30-MPCI) (n = 10 per group). The scan data of the external and intaglio surfaces were overlapped with reference crown data, and trueness was measured using the best-fit alignment method. In the external and intaglio surface groups (n = 45 per group), precision was measured using a combination formula exclusive to scan data (10C2). Significant differences in accuracy (trueness and precision) data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test, and post hoc analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction (α=.05). RESULTS. In the 10-MPCI, 20-MPCI, and 30-MPCI groups, there was a statistically significant difference in the accuracy of the external and intaglio surfaces (P<.05). On the external and intaglio surfaces, the root mean square (RMS) values of trueness and precision were the lowest in the 10-MPCI group. CONCLUSION. Interim crowns with 10-minute post-curing showed high accuracy.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제11C권7호
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• pp.889-894
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• 2004

AODV(Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector)나 DSR(Dynamic Source Routing)과 같은 대부분의 에드혹 라우팅 프로토콜은 네트워크 토폴로지가 변하지 않는 한 새로운 경로 설정을 하지 않는다. 따라서 노드의 이동성이 적은 경우, 트래픽은 몇몇 노드에게 집중될 수 있으며 그 결과로 해당 노드들의 혼잡으로 인한 긴 종단간 지연이 발생할 수 있다. 게다가 몇몇 특정 노드들만 오랫동안 계속해서 사용됨에 따라 그들의 배터리가 빠르게 소모될 것이다. 노드의 배터리 방전은 노드 사이의 연결 단절뿐만 아니라 동시에 새로운 경로 설정을 위하여 많은 route re-quest 패킷(RREQ)을 생성시킨다. 본 논문에서는 각 노드가 자신의 트래픽 부하 상태를 기반으로 RREQ 패킷을 무시하거나 패킷 포워딩을 포기할 수 있게 함으로써 트래픽 집중화 문제를 해결할 수 있는 SLA(Simple Load-balancing Approach)를 제안한다. 그러나 어떤 이기적인 노드들은 자신의 에너지를 절약하기 위하여 고의적으로 패킷 포워딩을 거부할 수도 있다. 이러한 노드들을 패킷 포워딩에 참여시키기 위하여 본 논문에서는 PIFA(Protocol-Independent Fairness Algorithm) 보상 방식을 제안하였다. SLA 성능의 우수함을 증명하기 위하여 SLA를 채택한 AODV 방식과 SLA를 채택하지 않은 AODV 방식을 비교 실험하였고, 이를 통하여 SLA를 채택한 방식이 트래픽 부하 분산에 효율적이며 이로 인하여 전체 에드혹 네트워크 성능 또한 향상시킴을 확인하였다.