• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.105-108
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the effect of auditory feedback on fundamental frequencies in prelingulally deaf children. Participants totaled three groups of sixty children: deaf children with cochlear implantation(CI), deaf children with hearing aids (HA), and children with normal hearing(NH). Fundamental frequencies were measured during sustained phonation of /a/. There were statistically significant differences of fundamental frequencies across the groups(p<.01). In post hoc analysis, HA and NH group showed statistically significant differences, but CI group didn't. In correlation analysis between Fo and the chronological age, there were significant negative tendencies in CI and NH group, but not in HA group. The characteristics of fundamental frequencies in CI group were found similar to NH group than HA group in this study. This could be understood as the effect of relatively sufficient auditory feedback after cochlear implantation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.83-90
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• 2018

Purpose : This study aims to examine the correlation between SPQ (sasang personality questionnaire) results and the significance level of general mental and physical health among youths. Effects of physical factors on the level of health are also examined. Methods : For the purpose of this study, the SPQ test and body mass and the Ponderal index were measured. The SPQ was followed by a survey on physical changes among 686 young people. The correlation between SPQ and BMI was analysed using Pearson's corelation. Post hoc tests were conducted on SPQ sub factors (SPQ-B, SPQ-C, and SPQ-E) were examined. Results : The findings from the analysis of the high, middle and lower group profiles of adolescent SPQ-B, SPQ-C, and SPQ-E showed that the three groups had significant results. This study demonstrates the correlations among sub factors of the SPQ. No correlation was observed regarding physical characteristics. Conclusion : This study demonstrates the correlations among sub factors of the SPQ. No correlation was observed regarding physical characteristics.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.159-164
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• 2019

The statistical inference of Cronbach's alpha measure of internal reliability is known to be inaccurate when sample size is small and the assumption of normality is violated. In this paper, we describe the permutation method in which we compute resampling p-values for testing the difference between two or more independent Cronbach's alpha coefficients. When the over-all permutation test is significant, we also make pairwise post-hoc comparisons using permutaion method. The permutation tests for the equality of two independent Cronbach's alpha coefficients and three independent Cronbach's alpha coefficients are illustrated with an example analysis of survey data.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2019

Purpose: The Purpose of this study is to compare the fracture strength of 4 kinds of direct composite resins. Methods: his study performed experiments on the fracture strength of direct composite resins after polymerizing 4 kinds of direct composite resins on the MOD cavity standard specimens. Results: The fracture strength of Aelite(Bisco) was the highest at 176.26N(p<0.05). According to post-hoc study with Turkey honest significant difference by multiple comparison on fracture strength test results, there were statistically significant differences between all kinds of direct composite resin. But the statistical difference between Z350(3M) and Spectrum(DP) was not significant. Conclusion: Aelite(Bisco) scored the highest concerning the fracture strength.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.131-137
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• 2019

This study was aimed to identify a study on risk perception and safety knowledge and awareness of scuba diver. In order to achieve this purpose, a total of 310 customers over the age of 20 were selected as study participants form diving pools and dive resort in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Gyeongsang area using the convenience sampling method. However, only data from 295 customers were used after screening the data for reliability. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire, and descriptive statistics, inter-item consistency reliability, t-test, ANOVA, post hoc test, correlation analysis, pearson chi-square test were conducted on the data using the SPSS 21.0 version statistical package program. The followings are the results: First, risk perception differs significantly according to age, education level, occupation and participation period. Second, participation period and safety knowledge have positive correlation.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.148-152
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is a difference in self-reflection and insight according to the performance level of college athletes. A total of 395 (210 male, 185 female) college athletes from 6 universities were sampled. The level of performance was divided into upper, middle, and lower groups based on the results of matches played in the past 1 year. To measure self-reflection and insight, THE SELF-REFLECTION AND INSIGHT SCALE developed by Grant et al. [4] was used. As a result, there was a statistically significant difference according to the level of performance, and as a result of post-hoc(scheffe) analysis, the upper group of performance was higher than that of the middle group and the lower group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.201-208
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the optimal flip angle by measuring the SNR and CNR according to the angle of changes of the MRI technique using the Image J program. A total of 30 normal volunteers were assessed by using a 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging system (Philips, Medical System, Achieva). For the MRI angiography, we set the region of interest in four regions and evaluated the SNR and CNR. The statistical significance of SNR and CNR was calculated by one-way ANOVA using quantitative analysis at five different positions. The Bonferroni method was used for post-hoc analyzes. Statistical significance was determined by using ANOVA analysis at p<0.05 and Bonferroni method was used as a post-hoc analysis. The results of this study, the measurement values of ACA(SNR:$876.59{\pm}14.22$, CNR:$1999.7{\pm}12.5$), PCA(SNR:$863.48{\pm}13.29$, CNR:$1870.18{\pm}12.56$), ICA(SNR:$1116.87{\pm}08.34$, CNR:$2979.37{\pm}14.69$) and MCA(SNR:$848.66{\pm}15.25$, CNR:$2199.25{\pm}13.48$) were obtained with the high signal intensity at $25^{\circ}$(p<0.05). The values of a1, a2, a3, p1, p2, p3, m1, m2 and m3 were also the same (p<0.05). Post-hoc analysis results, There was a statistically significant difference (p=0.000) between $10^{\circ}$, $15^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$ on the $25^{\circ}$ reference for the flip angle, but no significant results were obtained with $30^{\circ}$(p<0.05). In concision, because the signal intensity decreased at $30^{\circ}$, this study revealed that the optimal flip angles were $25^{\circ}$ in cerebrovascular MR angiography.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 2003

This research has been conducted to examine the cognition and attitude of nursing students on Oriental Nursing, the subject of this research being 789 nursing students from 9 different universities who took the Oriental Nursing class. A questionnaire, the construct validity and reliability of which have been verified through enquiries into records and references as well as preliminary researches, was used as a research tool. The questionnaire, a set of 86 questions, was developed by the researchers of this study, and the reliability of the questionnaire is Cronbach's=.85. The collected data have been analysed using SPSS windows programme 11.0 for t-test and ANOVA, and the results are as follows: 1. There was a significant difference in cognition and attitude points according to the academic year (F=14.15, p=.000). After the post-hoc test, it was revealed that the points of the students in their 4th year were significantly higher than the points of the students in their 2nd or 3rd year. 2. There was a significant difference in cognition and attitude points according to the credits the students have taken (F=28.66, p=.000). After the post-hoc test, it was revealed that the points of the students who have taken from $3{\sim}5$ to $6{\sim}8$ credits were significantly higher than the points of those who have taken from 1 to 2 credits. 3. There was a significant difference in cognition and attitude points according to the period of time the students have experienced Oriental Nursing (F=32.06, p=.000). After the post-hoc test, it was revealed that the points of the students who have practised Oriental Nursing from 1 to 2 weeks were significantly higher than the points of those who have not practised it at all. 4. There was no significant difference in cognition and attitude points according to the treatment or hospitalisation of the students themselves or their family members. 5. The cognition and attitude points of the students who are deeply interested in Oriental Nursing were significantly higher than the points of those who are not (t=8.83, p=.000). 6. The cognition and attitude points of the students who have higher expectations for the development of Oriental Nursing were significantly higher than the points of those who have not(t=5.90, p=.000). 7. The cognition and attitude points of the students who believe that the Oriental Nursing will contribute to the expansion of the roles of nurses were significantly higher than the points of those who do not (t=6.60, p=.000). 8. The cognition and attitude points of the students who expect that the Oriental Nursing will be effective in prevention of chronic diseases were significantly higher than the points of those who do not (t=5.80, p=.000). According to the results above, it was confirmed that proper education on Oriental Nursing can have affirmative effects on the cognition and attitude of the nursing students towards Oriental Nursing.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.483-489
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of glycerin topical application on the surface hardness of composite after curing. Materials and Methods: A composite (Z-250, 3M ESPE) was packed into a disc-shaped brass mold and light cured according to one of the following protocols. Group 1 (control) was exposed to air and light cured for 40 sec, group 2 was covered with a Mylar strip and light cured for 40 sec, group 3 was surface coated with glycerin and light cured for 40 sec, and group 4 was exposed to air and light cured for 20 sec and then surface coated with glycerin and cured for additional 20 sec. Twenty specimens were prepared for each group. The surface hardnesses of specimens were measured with or without polishing. Five days later, the surface hardness of each specimen was measured again. Data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests. Results: The surface hardnesses of the unpolished specimens immediately after curing decreased in the following order: group 2 > 3 > 4 > 1. For the polished specimens, there was no significant difference among the groups. Within the same group, the hardness measured after five days was increased compared to that immediately after curing, and the polished specimens showed greater hardness than did the unpolished specimens. Conclusions: The most effective way to increase the surface hardness of composite is polishing after curing. The uses of a Mylar strip or glycerin topical application before curing is recommended.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.161-174
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficiency of senior welfare centers and the cause of differences among senior welfare centers in that regard, and to investigate influential factors for the differences in efficiency and the size of the influence of the factors. What methods would be effective at assessing the efficiency of senior welfare centers by taking into account their circumstances was reviewed, and post-hoc analyses were made by using data envelopment analysis(DEA) and Tobit analysis, which were useful tools to evaluate relative efficiency. After 24 senior welfare centers located in Seoul were selected, their yearly operating data of 2011 were utilized. In this study, we set limits to the medical welfare of the elderly welfare services business, and divided into model 2 including the elderly population in the region and model 1, input factors for only internal factors, such as full-time workers. We calculated a valid result by proceeding a BCC analysis and analysis of CCR respectively. As this study has some limitations, follow-up research should be implemented. Yet this study is of significance in that it attempted to present general norms for the efficiency analysis of senior welfare centers by using a DEA model and made various post-hoc analyses based on the efficiency data to give significant suggestions on the service of senior welfare centers.