• Proceedings of the Korean Statistical Society Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.195-198
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• 2004

One Important problem in a cancer microarray study is to identify a set of genes from which a molecular prognostic indicator can be developed. In parallel with this problem is to validate the chosen set of genes. We develop in this note a K-fold cross validation procedure by combining a 'pre-validation' technique and a bootstrap resampling procedure in the Cox regression . The pre-validation technique predicts the microarray predictor of a case without having seen the true class level of the case. It was suggested by Tibshirani and Efron (2002) to avoid the possible over-fitting in the regression in which a microarray based predictor is employed. The bootstrap resampling procedure for the Cox regression was proposed by Sauerbrei and Schumacher (1992) as a means of overcoming the instability of a stepwise selection procedure. We apply this K-fold cross validation to the microarray data of 92 gastric cancers of which the experiment was conducted at Cancer Metastasis Research Center, Yonsei University. We also share some of our experience on the 'false positive' result due to the information leak.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.51-61
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• 2014

Objectives: This study examined the factors affecting the quality of life relating to oral health using OHIP-14 of college students. Also, this was to help college students to enhance their oral health. Methods: A Total of 334 self-administered questionnaires were collected from university student in Cheon-an. The statistical methods used for data analysis were the descriptive statistics, Independent samples t-test, One-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis. Results: First, A month pocket money and coffee consumption were significantly related to functional and physical Oral health foctor. Second, A month pocket money and coffee consumption were significantly related to Mental and social Oral health foctor. Finally, multiple linear regression analysis showed that a month pocket money, coffee consumption have a negative effect on the quality of life relating to oral health, Whereas an experience of oral health education a positive effect on this. Conclusion: Oral health related quality of life should be improved by investigating the factors affecting oral health and thus developing the program enhancing the oral health to prevent oral disease. In addition, in order to health promotion physical, mental, social, including the oral health, program development and research incessant must be carried out.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.648-651
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• 2006

Purpose: Tarsal tunnel syndrome is characterized by pain and paresthesia of the entire posterior tibial nerve and its branches of the lower extremity. The cause of the tarsal tunnel syndrome is usually unknown but, rare case of space occupying benign tumors such as a ganglion may be one of the causes. We report our experiences of surgical treatment of the tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by ganglion we have encountered recently. Methods: A 54-year-old male patient presented with paresthesia, burning pain, positive Tinnel's sign without preceeding trauma, infection or any other causes of event. With surgical intervention, we completely removed the space occupying ganglion and with performed surgical release of the posterior tibial nerve and its branches. Results: At a 14-month follow up examination, the symptoms of paresthesia, burning pain, sensory disturbance was much improved compared to the preoperative conditions. Takakura's rating scale was elevated from 4(Poor) to 8(Good). Conclusion: We report our surgical experience of a rare case of tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by a ganglion, with a review of literature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.16 no.1 s.41
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• pp.73-83
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• 1992

This paper examined risk reduction methods utilized by consumers in apparel buying situation in multidimensional conceptual framework, and analyzed the relationships between risk types, consumer demographic variables and preferences of risk reduction methods. Samples of 224 consumers were deliberately selected to include various demographic characteristics such as sex, age, educational level, occupation, income level. The results of the principal axis factor analysis indicated that 26 item risk reduction methods could be summarized into 6 meaningful factors; Marketer-dominated Information Sources Use (MIS), Prepurchase Deliberation / Observation i Dependence on Past Buying Experience (DOE), Independent Information Sources Use (lIS), Interpersonal Information Sources Use (PIS), Brand Loyalty (BL), Label Reading / Guarantee Buying (RG). DOE were used most whereas IIS used least. Correlations of various types of risk perceived with the preference of risk reduction methods were significant especially for positive relationship between psychologi-cal and/or economic risk and DOE, and between social risk and/or fashionability loss and MIS. Results of ANOVA and Duncan test suggested that sex, age, educational level, occupation of consumers can act as ones of determinant variables on making differences in the use of risk reduction methods.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.17-34
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• 2016

This research is a construct to understand CSR and pro-social consumption behavior of fashion consumers which classifies CSR efforts of fashion company and conducts positive analysis of the relationship between such characteristics and social relationship behaviors(sharing of values, consciousness of kind, consciousness of future expectation) and pro-social consumption behavior. For this path analysis was conducted utilizing a sample of 430 consumers who have experience of CSR efforts of fashion brands. The result is as follows. First, as a result of the path relationship among CSR efforts & sharing of values of fashion brands, consciousness of kind and consciousness of future expectation, economic efforts, relational efforts and cyclical efforts meaningfully affected sharing of values, whereas creative efforts did not. Also, relational and creative efforts meaningfully affected consciousness of kind, whereas economic and cyclical efforts did not. Furthermore, economic, relational and cyclical efforts meaningfully affected consciousness of future expectation, when creative efforts failed. Second, as a result of the analysis of path relationship among sharing of values, consciousness of kind, consciousness of future expectation and pro-social consumption behavior of social relationships, sharing of values had a meaningful impact on consciousness of kind, consciousness of future expectation and pro-social consumption behavior. And finally consciousness of kind and future expectation showed meaningful influence on pro-social consumption behavior.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.832-843
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• 2011

This quasi-experimental study examined the effect of the a senior simulation program and following group discussion on the anxiety about aging. The senior simulation program did not raise the level of four factors of the anxiety about aging. The item of fear of losing friends when becoming old was the only significant one with increased level of anxiety. Discussion session for sharing the simulation experience revealed a positive effect of decreasing anxiety level in the factor score of fear of old people, the item of liking getting together with elders, and the item of liking to do something for elders. With the help of information technology.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.433-450
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• 2010

The purpose of this paper is to describe and understand the lived experiences of older learners in formal education offered in an online university. Applying qualitative research methods, this paper attempts to explore the interpretation and meanings of their college studying. Ten participants in this study were selected from older students aged over 60 who had studied or were studying in a cyber university and lived in Seoul and its metropolitan area for more readily accessible and available for in-depth interviews. After the final analysis of learning experiences of older adults in an online university, six main themes were identified: self in the past, breaking from the convention, struggling with the new challenges, attaining self-actualization, integrating a new identity, future-oriented self. Finally it appears that learning experiences of the learners enabled the participants to replace their past-oriented sense of self with a more positive, future-oriented version.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.137-148
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate factors influencing risk assessment of material misstatement in Vietnamese enterprises listed on stock market. Expert interview method was conducted to discover the scales for three variables including information system, trademark, and risk assessment of material misstatement. Survey method was used to examine the impacts of eight factors on risk assessment of material misstatement. Data is collected from 317 auditors who have excellent experience in auditing financial statements of companies listed on stock market. Then, data is processed by descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, factor extracted analysis, correlative regression analysis, and analysis variance of residual change. The research findings showed that business characteristic, stakeholder pressure, and economic environment have positive relationships with risk assessment of material misstatement. Three variables including operation control and monitor, control environment, and information system negatively affect to risk assessment. Specially, business characteristic and information system, which are elements in internal control, have strongest impact on risk assessment. One the other hand, assessment of internal control plays an important role not only in the audit plan stage but also throughout the stages of the audit implementation and ending. Therefore, appropriate solutions are proposed to carry out all audit stages.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.59-67
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• 2017

Purpose - This study's aims are to examine the effects of airline service quality on brand image, brand attitude and reuse intention and the mediating roles of brand image and brand attitude in the relationship between airline service quality and reuse intention. Research design, data and methodology - A total of 500 questionnaire copies were distributed and 474 were used for the empirical study after excluding some empirical inappropriate or unusable ones. To analyze the collected data, the SPSS/WIN 22.0 statistical package was used. Results - The result of analysis showed that all the intangible, tangible and human elements of the airline service quality positively influenced on brand image and brand attitude and did not directly influence on reuse intention. However, brand image and brand attitude played mediating roles in the relationship between all the service quality elements and reuse intention. Conclusions - This means that airlines need to develop service quality, which is differentiated and provides special feelings for customers and work out improvement strategies for positive brand images and attitudes, since customers choose and reuse airlines, based on brand images and attitudes, which are perceived and formed through the experience of airline service quality and word of mouth.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1119-1130
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• 2007

The purposes of this current study were to develop a pre-parent education class for university students and to examine the difference in their beliefs after the program. The subjects of this study were 86 students who were selected from one university in Kyunggido, South Korea. Students had pre-test and post-test to measure the changes caused by the program. Two instruments were used: Beliefs of Appropriate Education and Child Rearing Attitudes. The results of this study were as following: In the post-test, students showed higher scores on affectionate child rearing attitudes. More specifically, students endorsed expression of affection toward a child, positive mother-child relationship, emotional involvement, giving a child equal right after having pre-parent education class. In terms of beliefs on appropriate education, in the post-test students became put more value on process, child, play, experience- oriented learning compared to their pre-test scores. In sum, this pre-parent education class is an effective one, which improve future parents' beliefs and attitudes on appropriate education and child rearing practices.