• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.477-484
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• 2011

Purpose: Retro-orbicularis oculi fat (ROOF) and preseptal fat pad (PSF) are deep fat structures of frontal and supraorbital area, that encounter galeal fat pad (GFP). If galeal wall is weakened by aging process, GFP loses its anchoring structure, moved downward pushing ROOF and PSF. This especially occur in lateral brow area. As a result of drooping, eyebrow affects the eyelid covering PSF as a sac descended to a lateral hooding and ptotic eyelid simultaneously. Consequently, in the case of lateral hooding and brow ptosis, besides the skin, deep fat structures (ROOF and PSF) should be corrected as well. Methods: ROOF-PSF repositioning technique in subbrow resection were performed. 21 cases of patients from April, 2007 to January, 2008. Before surgery, all patients were examined carefully to evaluate the degrees of dermatochalasia, drooping of the eyebrow, marginal reflex distance 1 (MRD1), eyelid crease height. Surgery was performed under local anesthesia, then excised the drooped eyelid skin by lateral subbrow resection, removed proper amount of ROOF, repositioned ROOF-PSF at the supraorbital rim, and fix it on periosteum. During follow up periods, the patients were surveyed of the satisfaction of surgery, and postoperative MRD1 was evaluated. Results: One patient had a hematoma on left eyebrow, and another one patient had a numbness on left forehead for two months. Except for these two patients, all patients had good results without any significant complications. The mean follow up period was about 5 months, and the position of lateral eyebrow maintained above the supraorbital rim in all cases. Postoperatively, MRD1 increased by 0.8 mm in 5-months mean follow up period. Conclusion: In patient with lateral brow ptosis and lateral hooding, the ROOF-PSF repositioning technique in sub-brow resection could be a good operative option.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.438-444
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• 2011

Purpose: Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are readily harvested from lipoaspirated tissue or subcutaneous adipose tissue fragments. The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is a heterogeneous set of cell populations that surround and support adipose tissue, which includes the stromal cells, ASCs, that have the ability to differentiate into cells of several lineages and contains cells from the microvasculature. The mechanisms that drive the ASCs into the osteoblast lineage are still not clear, but the process has been more extensively studied in bone marrow stromal cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the osteogenic capacity of adipose derived SVF cells and evaluate bone formation following implantation of SVF cells into the bone defect of human phalanx. Methods: Case 1 a 43-year-old male was wounded while using a press machine. After first operation, segmental bone defects of the left 3rd and 4th middle phalanx occurred. At first we injected the SVF cells combined with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) to defected 4th middle phalangeal bone lesion. We used P (L/DL)LA [Poly (70L-lactide-co-30DL-lactide) Co Polymer P (L/DL)LA] as a scaffold. Next, we implanted the SVF cells combined with DBM to repair left 3rd middle phalangeal bone defect in sequence. Case 2 was a 25-year-old man with crushing hand injury. Three months after the previous surgery, we implanted the SVF cells combined with DBM to restore right 3rd middle phalangeal bone defect by syringe injection. Radiographic images were taken at follow-up hospital visits and evaluated radiographically by means of computerized analysis of digital images. Results: The phalangeal bone defect was treated with autologous SVF cells isolated and applied in a single operative procedure in combination with DBM. The SVF cells were supported in place with mechanical fixation with a resorbable macroporous sheets acting as a soft tissue barrier. The radiographic appearance of the defect revealed a restoration to average bone density and stable position of pharyngeal bone. Densitometric evaluations for digital X-ray revealed improved bone densities in two cases with pharyngeal bone defects, that is, 65.2% for 4th finger of the case 1, 60.5% for 3rd finger of the case 1 and 60.1% for the case 2. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that adipose derived stromal vascular fraction cells have osteogenic potential in two clinical case studies. Thus, these reports show that cells from the SVF cells have potential in many areas of clinical cell therapy and regenerative medicine, albeit a lot of work is yet to be done.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.61-76
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• 2016

Purpose: In order to use a word as academic terminology, we must first take a look at the meaning of that word as it is commonly used and then consider whether or not the connotation of that word is suitable to be used as academic terminology. Presently, the word Pumjil(品質) is being used as academic terminology occupying an important position in the field of business administration in Korea and is usually translated into English as 'quality'. The same is true in Japan. However, as is the case with many Korean words, the meaning that the word implies has a tendency to change gradually over time. This tendency can account for the changes or additions to the meaning a word connotes. Methods: This dissertation aims to escape from such biased ideas and study the meaning of 'Pum-Jil品質' from the view of humanities and exegetics. Then the natural definition of the word as far as business administration is concerned can be considered. Results: 'Pum-Jil品質' has been used amid changes in modern times(historic texts in both Korea and China. In Korea particularly, the word was used in the royal court until comparatively modern times.), and now it is also widely used in the field of business administration. In this process of change, a notable point is that 'Pum-Jil品質', which was originally used to mean 'nature or character of a man', took on a new meaning, 'a certain quality of a thing or a good'. Conclusion: 'Pum-Jil品質' should require basic functional 'quality' of goods or services as a prerequisite. And the functional quality should meet consumers' needs, as the pledge (trust; 信賴) for quality is between suppliers and consumers. Without consumer's trust for goods, the relationship between suppliers and consumers cannot be maintained. So goods must exchange with trust, not expenses. In conclusion, we believe it is reasonable to understand 'Pum-Jil品質' based on the meaning of 'evidence or similar rating for pledge (trust)' from the view of humanities and exegetics. In conclusion, we believe it is reasonable to understand 'Pum-Jil品質' based on the meaning of 'evidence or similar rating for pledge (trust)' from the view of humanities and exegetics.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.75-87
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• 2001

Inter-port competition is fiercer than in the past because of technological evolution in transport systems : the increasing side of containerships implies only a few calls in three or four ports at each end of the trade and the rest of the traffic being served by smaller feederships. It is therefore essential for big ports to be selected as one of these calls by the main shipowners, consortia and alliances to avoid rmarginalisation. In order to compete effectively, many ports have been obliged to modernise and extend considerably its existing ports or to build new port facilities. With the advent of major environmental legislation around the world, however, amenities such as fish and wildlife, clean air and water, access to the waterfront, and view protection took on greater importance. Ports are now being forced to incorporate environmental considerations into their planning and management functions in order to avoid additional costs or timing delays. The aim of this paper is to analyse the port value by which port comparison(or selection) will be made with HFP(Hierarchical Fuzzy Process) method. This was done by extracting and grouping the evaluation factors of port value by port experts : facility and location factor, logistics service factor environment and amenity factor, city and economic factor, and human and system factor. For empirical test of this method, 6 major ports in Northeast Asia were chosen and analysed. The order of importance for five evaluation factors were 1) facility and location factor 2) logistics service factor 3) human and system factor, 4) city and economic factor, and 5) environment and amenity factor. This means that geographical location and logistics services are still being considered as the most important factor to call the port by port users. even though environment and amenity factor shows relatively low figure. Among 6 major ports, Port of Kobe was ranked the first position in a comprehensive evaluation, while Ports of Busan and Kwangyang were 4th and 5th respectively. This implies that Port of Busan should make much efforts to enhance the existing facilities as well as management system.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2004

In this work the dynamic heat transfer occurring in a cable penetration fire stop system built in the firewall of nuclear power plants is three-dimensionally investigated to develop a test-simulator that can be used to verify effectiveness of the sealants. Here was carried out an experiment to observe the heat transfer in the cable penetration fire stop system made of DOW CORNING products. The dynamic heat transfer occurring in the fire stop system is formulated in a parabolic partial differential equation subjected to a set of initial and boundary conditions. And it was modeled, simulated, and analyzed. The simulation results were illustrated in three-dimensional graphics and were compared with experimental data. Through the simulations, it was shown clearly that the temperature distribution was influenced very much by the number, position, and temperature of the cable streams. It also was found that the dynamic heat transfer through the cable streams was one of the most dominant factors, and the feature of heat conduction could be understood as an unsteady-state process. It is certain that these numerical results are useful for making a performance-based design for the cable penetration fire stop system.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.702-708
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• 2016

The railway signaling system has evolved to maximize its safety and maintainability based on the experiences in the construction and operation of railway systems. The newly developed systems was established to cope with the changes in an operating environment. In the process of a transition to the new system, both the existing ATS (Automatic Train Stop) and new ATP/ATO (Automatic Train Protection/Automatic Train Operation) systems are operating simultaneously in parallel. In this situation, modifications of the conditions of the interlocking diagram and logic are necessarily required on the existing ATS systems due to the frequent improvements in signaling equipment. This paper reports the enhancement of safety and operational efficiency of the system through an improvement of the security and the interlocking conditions of the existing ATS systems. The independent display of signals for each track was ensured to avoid giving the effect of On/Off signals for the selected track on the opposite side, and the security was improved by adjusting the position and interlocking conditions. In addition, the increased traffic density of railway systems was achieved by removing the unnecessary conditions and detailed signal display, which resulted in enhanced operational efficiency.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.669-679
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• 2016

Architectural firms that would like to adopt the BIM are currently in an unfavorable position because of reduced orders, polarization of orders, and low price design. This study was conducted to evaluate plausible methods for supporting introduction of BIM into small sized firms. Before suggesting plans for support, we analyzed support projects and laws relating to support for small sized firms, after which we conducted a survey of small sized firms that support the project. The survey was completed by 242 architects and consisted of questions regarding the following aspects: current status and problems associated with BIM utilization, preference of certain policies for BIM introduction support, and reasonable level of support. After the survey, it was concluded that architectural firms are willing to use BIM and agree with the need for financial support for BIM program purchase and education, as well as to support BIM experts and fund low interest loans. In conclusion, it is proposed that support plans for small sized architectural firms in the areas of BIM introduction consulting, financial funding for the introductory process, provision of education and experts, order support, and promotions for accomplishment be provided.

• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.12-31
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• 2006

The n-gram inverted index has two major advantages: language-neutral and error-tolerant. Due to these advantages, it has been widely used in information retrieval or in similar sequence matching for DNA and Protein databases. Nevertheless, the n-gram inverted index also has drawbacks: the size tends to be very large, and the performance of queries tends to be bad. In this paper, we propose the two-level n-gram inverted index (simply, the n-gram/2L index) that significantly reduces the size and improves the query performance while preserving the advantages of the n-gram inverted index. The proposed index eliminates the redundancy of the position information that exists in the n-gram inverted index. The proposed index is constructed in two steps: 1) extracting subsequences of length m from documents and 2) extracting n-grams from those subsequences. We formally prove that this two-step construction is identical to the relational normalization process that removes the redundancy caused by a non-trivial multivalued dependency. The n-gram/2L index has excellent properties: 1) it significantly reduces the size and improves the Performance compared with the n-gram inverted index with these improvements becoming more marked as the database size gets larger; 2) the query processing time increases only very slightly as the query length gets longer. Experimental results using databases of 1 GBytes show that the size of the n-gram/2L index is reduced by up to 1.9${\~}$2.7 times and, at the same time, the query performance is improved by up to 13.1 times compared with those of the n-gram inverted index.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.6 no.8
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• pp.353-358
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• 2017

An electrical power utility, like an electrical power pole, includes various kinds of sensors for smart services. Temperature data is considered one of the important factors that can influence the smart operations of this utility. This study suggests a method for temperature data analysis for deciding the status of the smart electrical power utilities by using Kalman Filter and Ensemble Model. The suggested approach separates the temperature data according to the different positions of the temperature sensors of a utility, then uses Kalman Filter and Ensemble Model to analyse the characteristics of the temperature variation. With detailed processes, method explains the variation between an external temperature factor like weather temperature data and the sensed temperature data, and then, analysis the temperature data from each position of electrical power utilities. In this process, the suggested method uses Kalman Filter to remove error data and the ensemble model to find out mean value of every hour of electrical data. The result and discussion of temperature analysis were described clearly with the analysed results of electrical data. Finally, we were able to check the working condition of the power devices and the range of the temperature data foe each devices, which may help to indicate any causalities with respect to the devices in the utility pole.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.7 no.4 s.21
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• pp.44-52
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• 2003

In this work dynamic heat transfer in a CPFS (cable penetration fire stop) system built in the firewall of nuclear power plants is three-dimensionally investigated to develop a test-simulator that can be used to verify effectiveness of the sealant. Dynamic heat transfer in the fire stop system is formulated in a parabolic PDE (partial differential equation) subjected to a set of initial and boundary conditions. First, the PDE model is divided into two parts; one corresponding to heat transfer in the axial direction and the other corresponding to heat transfer on the vertical planes. The first PDE is converted to a series of ODEs (ordinary differential equations) at finite discrete axial points for applying the numerical method of SOR (successive over-relaxation) to the problem. The ODEs are solved by using an ODE solver In such manner, the axial heat flux can be calculated at least at the finite discrete points. After that, all the planes are separated into finite elements, where the time and spatial functions are assumed to be of orthogonal collocation state at each element. The initial condition of each finite element can be obtained from the above solution. The heat fluxes on the vertical planes are calculated by the Galerkin FEM (finite element method). The CPFS system was modeled, simulated, and analyzed here. The simulation results were illustrated in three-dimensional graphics. Through simulation, it was shown clearly that the temperature distribution was influenced very much by the number, position, and temperature of the cable stream, and that dynamic heat transfer through the cable stream was one of the most dominant factors, and that the feature of heat conduction could be understood as an unsteady-state process.