• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.283-290
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• 1997

$Ti_5Si_3$ intermetallics containing 0-6 wt% of Cu were made by reactive sintering (RS) under vacuum using elemental powder mixtures (Process 1), electro-pressure sintering (EPS) using RS'ed materials (Process2), and EPS using elemental powder mixtures (Process 3). Relatively low dense titanium silicides were gained by process 1, in which porosity decreased with increasing Cu content. For example, porosity changed from 42 to 19.4% with the increase in Cu content from 0 to 6 wt%, indicating that Cu is a useful sintering aid. The titanium silicides fabricated by Process 2 had a higher density than those by Process 1 at given composition, and porosity decreased with increasing Cu content. For example, porosity decreased from 38 to 6.8% with the change in Cu content from 0 to 6 wt%. A high dense titanium silicides were obtained by Process 3. In this Process, porosity decreased a little by Cu addition, and was almost insensitive to Cu content. Namely, about 9 or 7% of porosity was shown in 0 or 1-6 wt% Cu containing silicides, respectively. The hardeness increased by Cu addition, and was not changed markedly with Cu content for the silicides fabricated by Process 3. This tendency was considered to be resulted from porosity, hardening of grain interior by Cu addition, and softening of grain boundary by Cu-base segregates. All these results suggested that EPS using elemental powder mixtures (Process 3) is an effective processing method to achieve satisfactorily dense titanium silicides.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2009

Using zirconia and poly (methyl methacrylate-coethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (PMMA) microbeads, macroporous zirconia ceramics were fabricated by a simple pressing method. Effects of template size and content on microstructure, porosity, and flexural and compressive strengths were investigated in the processing of the macroporous zirconia ceramics. Three different sizes of microbeads (8, 20, and $50{\mu}m$) were used as a template for fabricating the macroporous ceramics. The porosity increased with increasing the template size at the same template content. The flexural and compressive strengths were primarily influenced by the porosity rather than the template size. However, the strengths increased with decreasing the template size at the same porosity. By controlling the template size and content, it was possible to produce macroporous zirconia ceramics with porosities ranging from 58% to 75%. Typical flexural and compressive strength values at 60% porosity were ${\sim}30\;MPa$ and ${\sim}75\;MPa$, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.691-694
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• 2005

The present study was to examine the influence of porosity and moisture content on the water permeability, strength and plant-growth characteristics of porous concrete. The result of the experiment verified that the coefficient of permeability of porous concrete with porosity between $30\%\;and\;36\%$ increased by 2cm/sec and the compressive strength decreased 1MPa at every $3\%$ increase of porosity. In addition, the plant growth of porous concrete showed 5cm at $36\%$ porosity and 2.5cm at $30\%$ porosity respectively. Thus, the higher the porosity, the more the plant grew. When $2\%$ moisture content was used in porous concrete with the same porosity, the plant growth was accelerated two times faster than the case without it.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.467-472
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• 2015

The effect of $SrCO_3$ content on the microstructure, porosity, flexural strength, and pore size distribution of clay-based membrane supports was investigated. Green compacts prepared from low cost materials such as kaolin, bentonite, talc, sodium borate, and strontium carbonate were sintered at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 8 h in air. It was possible to control the porosity of the clay-based membrane supports within the range of 33% to 37% by adjusting the $SrCO_3$ content. The flexural strength of the clay-based membrane supports was found to strongly depend on their porosity. In turn, the porosity was affected by the $SrCO_3$ content. The average pore size and flexural strength of the clay-based membrane supports containing 4 wt% $SrCO_3$ were $0.62{\mu}m$ and 33 MPa at 34% porosity.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 1981

The physical properties of grain are very important for the design of handling, sorting, processing, and storage system. On the physical properties of grain, volume, bulk density, true density, specific gravity, and porosity arc the major factors affecting the thermal properties of grain. This study was conducted to determine experimentally the above physical properties of rough rice (3 Japonica-type, 3 Indica-type) and barley (covered, naked) as a function of moisture content ranged from about 10% to 25% (w.b). The results of this study are summarized as follows; 1. The volume of grain kernel increased with moisture content for both rice and barley. The volume of those grain kernel was in the range of $2.2068{\times}10^{-8}{\sim}3.3960{\times}10^{-8}m^3$ at the moisture content of 14%. 2. The bulk density of rice increased linearly with moisture content for Japonica-type rough rice and quadratically for Indica-type rough rice, but the bulk density of barley decreased linearly with moisture content. The bulk density of the grain was in the range of 501.14~689.13kg/$m^3$ at the moisture content of 14%. 3. The true density of whole grain decreased linearly with moisture content, and was in the range of 1019.49~1139.75kg/$m^3$ at the moisture content of 14%. 4. The porosity of rice decreased linearly with moisture content for Japonica-type rough rice and quadratically for Indica-type rough rice, but the porosity of barley increased linearly with moisture content. The porosity of the grain was in the range of 39.51~50.83% at the moisture content of 14%. 5. The regression equations of the physical properties such as volume, bulk density, true density, and porosity of the grain were determined as a function of moisture content.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.399-406
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• 2018

The influences of mineral content and porosity on ultrasonic wave velocity were assessed for ten hornfelsic rocks collected from southern and western parts of the city of Hamedan, western Iran. Selected rock samples were subjected to mineralogical, physical, and index laboratory tests. The tested rocks contain quartz, feldspar, biotite, muscovite, garnet, sillimanite, kyanite, staurolite, graphite and other fine grained cryptocrystalline matrix materials. The values of dry unit weight of the rocks were high, but the values of porosity and water absorption were low. In the rocks, the values of dry unit weight are related to the presence of dense minerals such as garnet so not affected by porosity. The statistical relationships between mineral content, porosity and ultrasonic wave velocity indicated that the porosity is the most important factor influencing ultrasonic wave velocity of the studied rocks. The values of P-wave velocity of the rocks range from moderate to very high. Empirical equations, relevant to different parameters of the rocks, were proposed to determine the rocks' essential characteristics such as primary and secondary wave velocities. Quality indexes (IQ) of the studied samples were determined based on P-wave velocities of them and their composing minerals and the samples were classified as non-fissured to moderately fissured rocks. Also, all tested samples are classified as slightly fissured rocks according to the ratio of S-wave to P-wave velocities.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.43 no.9 s.292
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• pp.552-557
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• 2006

A low temperature processing route for fabricating porous SiC ceramics by carbothermal reduction has been demonstrated. Effects of expandable microsphere content, sintering temperature, filler content, and carbon source on microstructure, porosity, compressive strength, cell size, and cell density were investigated in the processing of porous silicon carbide ceramics using expandable microspheres as a pore former. A higher microsphere content led to a higher porosity and a higher cell density. A higher sintering temperature resulted in a decreased porosity because of an enhanced densification. The addition of inert filler increased the porosity, but decreased the cell density. The compressive strength of the porous ceramics decreased with increasing the porosity. Typical compressive strength of porous SiC ceramics with ${\sim}70%$ porosity was ${\sim}13 MPa$.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.675-680
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• 2008

The effect of pore former content on both porosity and pore structure was investigated for porous sintered reaction-bonded silicon nitrides (SRBSNs). A spherical PMMA with $d_{50}=8{\mu}m$ was employed as a pore-former. Its amount ranged from 0 to 30 part. Porous SRBSNs were fabricated by post-sintering at various temperatures where the porosity was controlled at $12{\sim}52%$. The strong tendency of increasing porosity with PMMA content and decreasing porosity with sintering temperature was observed. Measured pore-channel diameter increased $(0.3{\rightarrow}1.1{\mu}m)$ with both PMMA content and sintering temperature.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.36-41
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• 1985

The study was conducted to investigate the changes of soil physico-chemical properties between soils of preplanting fields and 2 years old ginseng fields, and compare the missing plant rate among the 2 years 016 ginseng fields. 1, The missing plant rate of 2 years old ginseng was high in sand loam while low in clay loam soil texture, soil porosity and NO3-N were remarkably increased in 2 years old ginseng field than preplanting soil, as the clay content was increased, soil porosity seemed to be increased but exchangeable nitrogen decreased. 2. The preplanting soil management methods did not significantly influenced on the missing plant rate and soil porosity in 2 years old ginseng fields, However NO3-N content and Fusarium density seemed to be decreased as the plow frequency was increased, exchangeable nitrogen content, whereas, seemed to be increased with more organic matter. 3. Differences of clay content (below 15% and above 20% of clay content) was significantly influenced on soil porosity, bulk density, total nitrogen, organic matter and P2O5 content. 4, Missing rate showed negative correlation with clay, soil moisture, and organic matter content but positive corelation with NO3-N in 2 years old ginseng fields.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.24 no.2 s.173
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• pp.455-463
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• 2000

In order to develop nondestructive techniques for the quantitative estimation of creep damage a series of crept copper samples were prepared and their ultrasonic velocities were measured. Velocities measured in three directions with respect to the loading axis decreased nonlinearly and their anisotropy increased as a function of creep-induced porosity. A progressive damage model was described to explain the void-velocity relationship, including the anisotropy. The comparison of modeling study showed that the creep voids evolved from sphere toward flat oblate spheroid with its minor axis aligned along the stress direction. This model allowed us to determine the average aspect ratio of voids for a given porosity content. A novel technique, the back propagation neural network (BPNN), was applied for estimating the porosity content due to the creep damage. The measured velocities were used to train the BP classifier, and its accuracy was tested on another set of creep samples containing 0 to 0.7 % void content. When the void aspect ratio was used as input parameter together with the velocity data, the NN algorithm provided much better estimation of void content.