• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.23-36
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• 1994

Most investigators recommended that porcelain surface should be roughened with abrasives and/or be etched with acid in repairing the fractured porcelain with composite resin. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of porcelain surface treatments on the bond strength between porcelain and composite resin by measuring the shear bond strength and observing the porcelain surface with SEM. 48 porcelain disc were fabricated with Vintage porcelain and embedded in epoxy resin with the test surface exposed. The specimens were divided four groups at random and the test surfaces of the four groups were prepared as follows : Group 1 : Porcelain surface was roughened with a fine diamond and treated with 32% phosphoric acid gel for 10 seconds. Group 2 : Porcelain surface was roughened with a fine diamond and etched with 8% hydrofluoric acid gel for 5 minutes. Group 3 : Porcelain surface was roughened with a coarse diamond and treated with 32% phosphoric acid gel for 10 seconds. Group 4 : Porcelain surface was roughened with a coarse diamond and etched with 8% hydrofluoric acid gel for 5 minutes. All specimens were washed for 30 seconds. A representative specimen of each group was selected and the porcelain surface was observed with SEM at 1000 magnification. Remaining specimens were silanated, bonded with composite resin, thermocycled, and shear-tested on specially designed zig connected to Instron machine. The results were as follows : 1. The shear bond strength of the group etched with hydrofluoric acid was significantly higher than that of group treated with phosphoric acid(p<0.01). 2. The shear bond strength of the group roughened with a fine diamond was not significantly different from that of the group roughened with a coarse diamond(p>0.01). 3. SEM examination of prepared porcelain surfaces revealed that the surface etched with hydrofluoric acid showed numerous microporosities, undercut, and rougher surface than the surface treated with phosphoric acid. 4. All specimens etched with hydrofluoric acid showed cohesive failure within porcelain, but specimens treated with phosphoric acid mainly showed adhesive failure between porcelain and composite resin.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.203-210
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• 2006

Although porcelain fused to metal crowns made from non-precious metal have good mechanical properties, they also have disadvantages such as the poor biological acceptability and the low corrosional resistance. Titanium is used as the alternative metal for porcelain fused to metal crowns, in spite of difficulties in casting. For that reason non-precious alloy including titanium which is easy to cast is currently used. This study evaluated the bond strength between non-precious alloy including titanium and Ni-Cr alloy. $Tilite^{(R)}V$ as non-precious alloy including titanium, $Rexilium^{(R)}V$ as Ni-Cr alloy and $Omega900^{(R)}$ and $Vintage(Regular)^{(R)}$ as porcelain powders were used. The results were as follows. 1. In comparison with the kind of alloy, the bond strength of $Tilite^{(R)}V$ was lower than that of $Rexilium^{(R)}V$. There was no significant difference between two groups. 2. In comparison with the kind of porcelain powder, the bond strength of $Omega900^{(R)}$ was higher than that of $Vintage(Regular)^{(R)}$ in $Tilite^{(R)}V$. There was significant difference between two groups(p < 0.05).

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.112-120
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• 2014

Purpose: This study compared the shear bond strength of heat pressed and feldspathic porcelain to metal. Through thermocycling, the clinical aspect of heat pressed porcelain fused metal was estimated. Materials and Methods: 90 non-precious metal specimens were made ($4{\times}4{\times}8 mm$) and divided to three groups. All spicimens were treated and built-up with the porcelain ($4{\times}4{\times}3 mm$) by 2 different methods according to group: Group I: $Inspiration^{(R)}$, Group II: Ivoclar, IPS $Inline^{(R)}PoM$, Group III: GC Initial IQ-One $Body^{(R)}PoM$. The half of each group's specimens were thermocycled. All specimens' shear bond strength were measured by Instron universal testing machine. Exact measuring point was far 1 mm from porcelain/metal interface to the porcelain side. For the statistical analysis, 2-way ANOVA was used. Results: In no-thermocycling specimens, the shear bond strength showed no statistical significance between each group (P > 0.05). In comparison between nothermocycling and thermocycling specimens in each group, the shear bond strength was decreased according to thermocycling, but there was no statistical significance (P > 0.05). In thermocycling specimens, there was no statistical significance between each group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: In feldspathic porcelain and other two types heat pressed porcelain, there was no statistical difference in the shear bond strength of porcelain to metal. The heat pressed porcelain seems to be clinically useful for the aspect of the shear bond strength.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.144-155
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• 1997

This study evaluated shear bond strength between porcelain and resin cement according to various surface treatments of porcelain, and surface condition of debonded porcelain. 50 porcelain specimens(Celay block A2M7) and composite resin specimens(Clearfil Photo-Bright) were prepared, and divided into 5 experimental groups according to the treatment method of porcelain surface. 5 experimental groups by surface treatments were as follows; CONTROL Group : No surface treatment was done on the surface of porcelains. SAND Group : The surface of porcelains were sandblasted with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide for 5 seconds. HF Group: The surface of porcelains were etched with 8% Hydrofluoric acid for 4 minutes. SIL Group: The surface of porcelains were coated with silane coupling agent and heated at $100^{\circ}C$ for 5 minutes. SAND+HF+SIL Group : The surface of porcelains were sandblasted with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide for 5 seconds and etched with 8% Hydrofluoric acid for 4 minutes, and coated with silane coupling agent and heated at $100^{\circ}C$ for 5 minutes. After surface treatments on the prepared porcelain surface two pastes of Panavia 21$^{(R)}$ were mixed, they were applied between composite resin block and porcelain surface, and then excessive resin cements were removed, and its margin was surrounded with Oxyguard II. All specimens were stored for 24 hours in water at $37^{\circ}C$ and tested with Instron testing machine between porcelains and resin cements, and debonded porcelain surfaces were observed under Scanning Electon Microscope(Hitachi S-2300) at 20kvp. The values from each group were compared statistically by Student's t-test. The obtained results were as follows; 1. The shear bond strength without surface treatment of porcelain was the lowest among all experimental groups(p<0.05). 2. The detached porcelain surface with sandblasting alone had more remarkable cracks than with only Hydrofluoric Acid or Silane coupling 2gent, but showed the lowest value of shear bond strength among surface treated groups(p<0.05), 3. When porcelain surface was treated by hydrofluoric acid, it affected shear bond strength more than silane coupling agent, but there were no significant statistical differences(p>0.05). 4. When three methods were combined to increase shear bond strength between porcelains and resin cements, its value was the highest than the others(p<0.05). 5. In Scannig Electron Micrograph of detached porcelain surface with no treatment, the sample revealed adhesive failure between the porcelain and resin cement whereas detached porcelain surface with combination of three method cohesive failure on the porcelain.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.181-190
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of shear bond strength between various percentage of reused dental ceramic alloys and porcelain. One hundred specimens were made of one semiprecious alloy and three nonprecious alloys. Each alloy group was subdevided into five groups according to the additional precentage of new alloy. Group I specimens were made of 100% new alloy and served as the control of the investigation. Group II specimens were made of once-cast alloy with 75% new alloy. Group III specimens were made of once-cast alloy with 50% new alloy. Group IV specimens were made of once-cast alloy with 25% new alloy. Group V specimens were made of 100% recast alloy. Five specimens were made for each group of the alloy combinations. The test specimens were prepared by firing porcelain doughnuts on the alloy rod surface, and invested in dental stone. Bond strengths were measured by Instron universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. The fractured surface of metal specimens were examined under the scanning electron microscope. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The shear bond strength of Albabond showed no significant difference between control group and reused alloy group. 2. The shear bond strength of reused alloy groups of nonprecious alloys were lower than that of control groups. 3. The shear bond strength between porcelain and metal in semiprecious alloy was higher than in nonprecious alloys 4. In nonprecious alloys. Rexillium III showed the highest bond strength value and Excelalloy showed the lowest shear bond strength value. 5. Regardless of the type of alloys and additional proportion of new alloys, scanning electron microscope photographs of the fracture surface between alloy and porcelain revealed simillar semiprecious alloy and nonprecious alloys.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.117-127
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of surface treatment of fractured metal-ceramic crown on bond strength of porcelain repair resin. The specimens were divided into two groups for metal specimens add five groups for porcelain specimens by surface treatment methods. the metal specimens were treated by 2 methods. : micro-sandblasting with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide and grinding with diamond bur. The porcelain specimens were treated by 5 methods : micro-sandblasting with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide, grinding with diamond bur, etching with porcelain etching agent, combination of micro-sandblasting and etching procedure, and combination of grinding and etching procedure. After surface treatment, each specimen was bonded with composite resin and the bond strength was measured and the surface texture was observed by scanning electromicroscope(SEM). The results were as follows : 1. There was significant difference in shear bond strength between metal specimen and prorcelain specimen. 2. Bood strength of metal specimens treated with diamond bur was higher than that treated with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide sandblasting. 3. Bond strength of porcelain specimen treated with diamond bur was higher than that treated with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide sandblasting and porcelain etching agent. 4. There was no significant difference in shear bond strength between the group treated with diamond bur and combined treatment groups respectively. 5. The large undercuts were observed in group treated with diamond bur by SEM.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.166-171
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• 2011

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the shear bond strength of the gingiva-colored composite resin and the tooth-colored composite resin to porcelain, metal and zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Sixty cylindrical specimens were fabricated and divided into the following 6 groups (Group 1-W: tooth-colored composite bonded to porcelain, Group 1-P: gingiva-colored composite bonded to porcelain, Group 2-W: tooth-colored composite bonded to base metal, Group 2-P: gingiva-colored composite bonded to base metal, Group 3-W: tooth-colored composite bonded to zirconia, Group 3-P: gingiva-colored composite bonded to zirconia). The shear bond strength was measured with a universal testing machine after thermocycling and the failure mode was noted. All data were analyzed using the two-way analysis of variance test and the Bonferroni post-hoc test at a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS. The mean shear bond strength values in MPa were 12.39, 13.42, 8.78, 7.98, 4.64 and 3.74 for Group 1-W, 1-P, 2-W, 2-P, 3-W and 3-P, respectively. The difference between the two kinds of composite resin was not significant. The shear bond strength of Group 1 was the highest and that of Group 3 was the lowest. The differences among Group 1, 2 and 3 were all significant (P<.05). CONCLUSION. The shear bond strength of the gingiva-colored composite was not less than that of the tooth-colored composite. Thus, repairing or fabricating ceramic restorations using the gingiva-colored composite resin can be regarded as a practical method. Especially, the prognosis would be fine when applied on porcelain surfaces.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this research was to investigate difference in shear bond strengths of full-contour zirconia layered with porcelain. Methods: Disk-shaped (diameter: 12.0 mm; height: 3.0 mm) zirconia were randomly divided into six groups according to the surface conditioning method to be applied (N=90, n=15 per group): group 1-contol group(ZC); group 2-airborne particle abrasion with $50-{\mu}m\;Al_2O_3(5A)$; group $3-50-{\mu}m\;Al_2O_3$ + liner(5AL), group $4-110-{\mu}m\;Al_2O_3(1A)$; group $5-110-{\mu}m\;Al_2O_3$ + liner(1AL); group 6-liner(LC). On each block, zirconia porcelain was build up according to manufacturer's instructions. All samples were fixed with measuring jigs and shear bond strength were measured with Universal testing machine. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS(Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Win 12.0 statistics program. Results: LC showed the highest value($29.92{\pm}2.55$ MPa) and ZC showed the lowest value($13.22{\pm}1.37$ MPa). Zirconia liner and Alumina oxide groups was significantly higher shear bond strength than control(p<0.05). 5A (without liner $22.18{\pm}2.37$, with liner $22.84{\pm}1.74$ MPa) was higher shear bond strength than $110{\mu}m$ (without liner $20.18{\pm}2.38$, with $20.71{\pm}2.67$). Conclusion: Surface treatments may have advantage in bond strength improvement for full-contour zirconia layered with porcelain.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.259-264
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• 2018

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the zirconia surface architecturing technique (ZSAT) on the bond strength between veneering porcelain and zirconia ceramic. MATERIALS AND METHODS. 20 sintered zirconia ceramic specimens were used to determine the optimal surface treatment time, and were randomly divided into 4 groups based on treatment times of 0, 1, 2, and 3 hours. After etching with a special solution, the surface was observed under scanning electron microscope, and then the porcelain was veneered for scratch testing. Sixty 3 mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal ceramic blocks were used for tensile strength testing; 30 of these blocks were surface treated and the rest were not. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA, the Tukey post-hoc test, and independent t-test, and the level of significance was set at ${\alpha}=.05$. RESULTS. The surface treatment of the zirconia using ZSAT increased the surface roughness, and tensile strength test results showed that the ZSAT group significantly increased the bond strength between zirconia and veneering porcelain compared to the untreated group (36 MPa vs. 30 MPa). Optimal etching time was determined to be 2 hours based on the scratch test results. CONCLUSION. ZSAT increases the surface roughness of zirconia, and this might contribute to the increased interfacial bond strength between zirconia and veneering porcelain.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.343-348
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• 2015

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of composite resin on the fracture surface of metal-ceramic depending on the repair systems and surface roughening methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of 30 disk specimens were fabricated, 15 of each were made from feldspathic porcelain and nickel-chromium base metal alloy. Each substrate was divided into three groups according to the repair method: a) application of repair system I (Intraoral Repair Kit) with diamond bur roughening (Group DP and DM), b) application of repair system I with airborne-particle abrasion (Group SP and SM), and c) application of repair system II (CoJet Intraoral Repair System, Group CP and CM). All specimens were thermocycled, and the shear bond strength was measured. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis analysis and the Mann-Whitney test with a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS. For the porcelain specimens, group SP showed the highest shear bond strength ($25.85{\pm}3.51MPa$) and group DP and CP were not significantly different. In metal specimens, group CM showed superior values of bond strength ($13.81{\pm}3.45MPa$) compared to groups DM or SM. CONCLUSION. Airborne-particle abrasion and application of repair system I can be recommended in the case of a fracture localized to the porcelain. If the fracture extends to metal surface, the repair system II is worthy of consideration.