• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.11-20
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• 2014

Recently K-POP's popularity and the success story of 'Psy' suggests that Korean Culture can get the possibility of entry into the global major market. Increasing the purchasing power of global contents distribution also shows that the delivery of cultural content can be a big business model to create economic benefits. However, for sustainable diffusion of Korean culture, we need efforts to expand the business scope to the global market like the establishment of global distribution platform. In this study, we investigated key factors for activating the global content distribution and then analyzed priority of importance of the factors to be utilized the strategic alternatives using AHP method. To ensure the reliability of the study, experts (30patients) who worked more than 10 years of relevant work were included as population of the questionnaire. The results of analysis, the relative importance of content aspects were higher than technical aspects and policy aspects. In the analysis of the importance of the second layer factors, the business models of policy aspects were analyzed as a factor of top priority, then high-quality content production was selected as an important factor of the next higher ranks.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.60-72
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• 1994

Background: The number of outpatients visiting large university teaching hospitals has increased drastically with the introduction of a nationwide health care insurance in 1989 and the improvement of the socio-economic status of the population. This resulted in long waiting times for services, particularly prescribed drugs, which have been patients' chief complaints. Hospitals have tried to solve the problem with limited success because their approach lacked comprehensive research. The objective of this study is to investigate associations between waiting times and variables defining a total work system. Methods: Data for the outpatient pharmacy department in a tertiary care university teaching hospital located in Seoul was analyzed to achieve the study objective. Associations of pharmacy system variables -- work load, work force, pharmacist work schedule, machine problems, and inventory control -- with mean and 99th percentile of waiting times were examined by the hierarchical stepwise regression method. Day was a unit of the analyses. Results: The regression models explained 65.8% of variance in the mean waiting time and 61.34% in the 99th percentile of waiting times. The break-down of the printer for drug envelops, Automatic Tablet Counters (ATCs), and main computer system lasted longer than 30 minutes increased the mean for 7.7 minutes, 4.5 minutes, and 7.0 minutes, respectively, and the 99th percentile for 14.8 minutes, 9.0 minutes, and 15.7 minutes, respectively. Concerning the work force, study results showed that there were significant differences in the productivity of pharmacists with work experience more than three years, one to three years, and less than one year, and showed that peak time aid work by pharmacists at job assignments other than the outpatient pharmacy, part-time pharmacists, and the installation of ATCs were effective in reducing waiting times, Finally, study findings indicated that the operational policy of work assignment and rotation schedule, supply and inventory of drugs at work tables, and readiness for undisrupted work during the work hours could have a significant effect on waiting times. Conclusion: The study results indicated that efforts to reduce waiting times for prescribed drugs should be geared toward every components of the pharmacy work system ranging from work schedule of pharmacists and supply of dugs at work tables. These findings should provide hospital managers with right directions in battling the problem.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2013

Objectives: Mental health has been shown to be linked with certain underlying physiological mechanisms. The objective of this cross sectional study was to investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms and brachial artery reactivity (BAR) in an understudied population: police officers. Methods: Participants were 351 police officers who were clinically examined in the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Police Stress (BCOPS) study. BAR was performed using standard B-Mode ultrasound procedures. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Mean values of the difference between the baseline and maximum diameters of the brachial artery were determined across three categories of CES-D score using the analysis of variance and the analysis of covariance. p-values for linear trends were obtained from linear regression models. Results: The mean age (${\pm}$ standard deviation) of all officers was $40.9{\pm}7.2$ years. Women had a slightly higher mean CES-D score than men ($8.9{\pm}8.9$ vs. $7.4{\pm}6.4$) and a slightly higher percentage increase of BAR than men (6.90 vs. 5.26%). Smoking status significantly modified the associations between depressive symptoms and BAR. Among current smokers, mean absolute values of BAR significantly decreased as depressive symptoms increased after adjustment for age, gender, race/ethnicity, hypertension, and diabetes; the multivariate-adjusted p-values were 0.033 (absolute) and 0.040 (%). Associations between depressive symptoms and BAR were not statistically significant among former smokers or never smokers. Conclusion: Depressive symptoms were inversely associated with BAR among police officers who were current smokers and together may be considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease among police officers. Further prospective research is warranted.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.327-334
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of the present study was to validate genes and genomic regions associated with carcass weight using a low-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Chip in Hanwoo cattle breed. Methods: Commercial Hanwoo steers (n = 220) were genotyped with 20K GeneSeek genomic profiler BeadChip. After applying the quality control of criteria of a call rate ${\geq}90%$ and minor allele frequency (MAF) ${\geq}0.01$, a total of 15,235 autosomal SNPs were left for genome-wide association (GWA) analysis. The GWA tests were performed using single-locus mixed linear model. Age at slaughter was fitted as fixed effect and sire included as a covariate. The level of genome-wide significance was set at $3.28{\times}10^{-6}$ (0.05/15,235), corresponding to Bonferroni correction for 15,235 multiple independent tests. Results: By employing EMMAX approach which is based on a mixed linear model and accounts for population stratification and relatedness, we identified 17 and 16 loci significantly (p<0.001) associated with carcass weight for the additive and dominant models, respectively. The second most significant (p = 0.000049) SNP (ARS-BFGL-NGS-28234) on bovine chromosome 4 (BTA4) at 21 Mb had an allele substitution effect of 43.45 kg. Some of the identified regions on BTA2, 6, 14, 22, and 24 were previously reported to be associated with quantitative trait loci for carcass weight in several beef cattle breeds. Conclusion: This is the first genome-wide association study using SNP chips on commercial Hanwoo steers, and some of the loci newly identified in this study may help to better DNA markers that determine increased beef production in commercial Hanwoo cattle. Further studies using a larger sample size will allow confirmation of the candidates identified in this study.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.147-155
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• 2012

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people comprise about 2.5% of the Australian population. Cancer registry data indicate that their breast cancer survivals are lower than for other women but the completeness and accuracy of Indigenous descriptors on registries are uncertain. We followed women receiving mammography screening in BreastScreen to determine differences in screening experiences and survivals from breast cancer by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status, as recorded by BreastScreen. This status is self-reported and used in BreastScreen accreditation, and is considered to be more accurate. The study included breast cancers diagnosed during the period of screening and after leaving the screening program. Design: Least square regression models were used to compare screening experiences and outcomes adjusted for age, geographic remoteness, socio-economic disadvantage, screening period and round during 1996-2005. Survival of breast cancer patients from all causes and from breast cancer specifically was compared for the 1991-2006 diagnostic period using linked cancer-registry data. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to adjust for socio-demographic differences, screening period, and where available, tumour size, nodal status and proximity of diagnosis to time of screen. Results: After adjustment for socio-demographic differences and screening period, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women participated less frequently than other women in screening and re-screening although this difference appeared to be diminishing; were less likely to attend post-screening assessment within the recommended 28 days if recalled for assessment; had an elevated ductal carcinoma in situ but not invasive cancer detection rate; had larger breast cancers; and were more likely than other women to be treated by mastectomy than complete local excision. Linked cancer registry data indicated that five-year year survivals of breast cancer cases from all causes of death were 81% for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, compared with 90% for other women, and that the former had larger breast cancers that were more likely to have nodal spread at diagnosis. After adjusting for socio-demographic factors, tumour size, nodal spread and time from last screen to diagnosis, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women had approximately twice the risk of death from breast cancer as other women. Conclusions: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women have less favourable screening experiences and those diagnosed with breast cancer (either during the screening period or after leaving the screening program) have lower survivals that persist after adjustment for socio-demographic differences, tumour size and nodal status.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 2018

Accident rate in the construction industry of South Korea is increasing every year, and it represents the highest percentage among industries. This shows that activities performed to prevent safety accidents in the country are not efficient when it comes to reduce the accident rate. In order to resolve this issue, a model for the prediction of human accidents should be established. In addition, it is required a quantification study based on pattern of human accidents. Therefore, the objective of this study is to quantify uncertainty of human accidents risk and predict how to change in various circumstances by using Monte Carlo Simulation. To achieve the objective, first, pattern of human accidents was defined. Second, insurance claim payout and information of human accidents during 14 years in construction site were collected. Third, descriptive analysis is conducted to determine the characteristics of the accident pattern. Fourth, to quantitatively analyze the pattern of the human accidents, the population of each accident occurrence and payout were estimated. Finally, estimated populations was analyzed according to characteristics of distribution by using Monte carlo simulation. In the future, this study can be used as a reference for developing the safety management checklist in construction site and development of prediction models of human accident.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.4567-4575
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• 2016

A number of studies have evidenced the effect of modifiable lifestyle factors such as diet, breastfeeding and nutritional status on breast cancer risk. However, none have addressed the missing data problem in nutritional epidemiologic research in South America. Missing data is a frequent problem in breast cancer studies and epidemiological settings in general. Estimates of effect obtained from these studies may be biased, if no appropriate method for handling missing data is applied. We performed Multiple Imputation for missing values on covariates in a breast cancer case-control study of $C{\acute{o}}rdoba$ (Argentina) to optimize risk estimates. Data was obtained from a breast cancer case control study from 2008 to 2015 (318 cases, 526 controls). Complete case analysis and multiple imputation using chained equations were the methods applied to estimate the effects of a Traditional dietary pattern and other recognized factors associated with breast cancer. Physical activity and socioeconomic status were imputed. Logistic regression models were performed. When complete case analysis was performed only 31% of women were considered. Although a positive association of Traditional dietary pattern and breast cancer was observed from both approaches (complete case analysis OR=1.3, 95%CI=1.0-1.7; multiple imputation OR=1.4, 95%CI=1.2-1.7), effects of other covariates, like BMI and breastfeeding, were only identified when multiple imputation was considered. A Traditional dietary pattern, BMI and breastfeeding are associated with the occurrence of breast cancer in this Argentinean population when multiple imputation is appropriately performed. Multiple Imputation is suggested in Latin America's epidemiologic studies to optimize effect estimates in the future.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.533-543
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• 2011

The hERG (human ether-a-go-go related gene) ion channel is a main factor for cardiac repolarization, and the blockade of this channel could induce arrhythmia and sudden death. Therefore, potential hERG ion channel inhibitors are now a primary concern in the drug discovery process, and lots of efforts are focused on the minimizing the cardiotoxic side effect. In this study, $IC_{50}$ data of 202 organic compounds in HEK (human embryonic kidney) cell from literatures were used to develop predictive 2D-QSAR model. Multiple linear regression (MLR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and artificial neural network (ANN) were utilized to predict inhibition concentration of hERG ion channel as machine learning methods. Population based-forward selection method with cross-validation procedure was combined with each learning method and used to select best subset descriptors for each learning algorithm. The best model was ANN model based on 14 descriptors ($R^2_{CV}$=0.617, RMSECV=0.762, MAECV=0.583) and the MLR model could describe the structural characteristics of inhibitors and interaction with hERG receptors. The validation of QSAR models was evaluated through the 5-fold cross-validation and Y-scrambling test.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.319-328
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• 2013

Objectives: This study estimated the association of cardiovascular health behaviors with the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in middle-aged men in Korea. Methods: In total, 12 538 men aged 40 to 59 years were enrolled in 1993 and followed up through 2011. Cardiovascular health metrics defined the following lifestyle behaviors proposed by the American Heart Association: smoking, physical activity, body mass index, diet habit score, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose. The cardiovascular health metrics score was calculated as a single categorical variable, by assigning 1 point to each ideal healthy behavior. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio of cardiovascular health behavior. Population attributable risks (PARs) were calculated from the significant cardiovascular health metrics. Results: There were 1054 total and 171 CVD deaths over 230 690 person-years of follow-up. The prevalence of meeting all 7 cardiovascular health metrics was 0.67%. Current smoking, elevated blood pressure, and high fasting blood glucose were significantly associated with all-cause and CVD mortality. The adjusted PARs for the 3 significant metrics combined were 35.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 21.7 to 47.4) and 52.8% (95% CI, 22.0 to 74.0) for all-cause and CVD mortality, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratios of the groups with a 6-7 vs. 0-2 cardiovascular health metrics score were 0.42 (95% CI, 0.31 to 0.59) for all-cause mortality and 0.10 (95% CI, 0.03 to 0.29) for CVD mortality. Conclusions: Among cardiovascular health behaviors, not smoking, normal blood pressure, and recommended fasting blood glucose levels were associated with reduced risks of all-cause and CVD mortality. Meeting a greater number of cardiovascular health metrics was associated with a lower risk of all-cause and CVD mortality.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.771-780
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• 2009

Cataract is the main cause of blindness and visual impairment, especially, age-related cataract accounts for about half of the 32 million cases of blindness worldwide. As the life expectancy and the expansion of the elderly population are increasing, the cases of cataract increase as well, which causes a serious economic and social problem throughout the country. However, the incidence of cataract can be reduced dramatically through early diagnosis and prevention. In this study, we developed a prediction model of cataracts for early diagnosis using hospital data of 3,237 subjects who received the screening test first and then later visited medical center for cataract check-ups cataract between 1994 and 2005. To develop the prediction model, we used random forests and compared the predictive performance of this model with other common discriminant models such as logistic regression, discriminant model, decision tree, naive Bayes, and two popular ensemble model, bagging and arcing. The accuracy of random forests was 67.16%, sensitivity was 72.28%, and main factors included in this model were age, diabetes, WBC, platelet, triglyceride, BMI and so on. The results showed that it could predict about 70% of cataract existence by screening test without any information from direct eye examination by ophthalmologist. We expect that our model may contribute to diagnose cataract and help preventing cataract in early stages.