• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.30-41
• /
• 1998

This study analyzed urban greenspace area and vegetation structure by land use types for Kangnam-gu and Junglang-gu in Seoul different in income and building construction date. The study districts had a similar areal distribution of land use types. Residential lands accounted for about 32~37% of total area, natural lands, 19~22%, commercial and industrial lands(including transportation), 13~18%, and institutional lands, 13~17%. Greenspace covered only 20~30% of urban residential and commercial area in which human activities of living concentrate. Canopy stocking level in urban lands (all land uses except natural and agrecultural lands) was about 39% for Kangnam-gu and 50% for Junglang-gu, showing tree planting potential slightly higher in Kangnam-gu than in Junglang-gu. Woody plant cover was approximately 13%, and tree density was 3 trees/100m$^{2}$ forurban lands in both districts. The tree-age structure was largely characterized by young, growing tree population, and species diversity within a diameter class decreases as the diameter classes get larger. Urban lands of both districts had quite a similar species composition of woody plants (similarity indez of 0.70). Income and bulding construction date did not result in significant diference between the two districts in vegetation structure for urban lands. Some strategies were ezplored to solve problems found in the present greenspace structures. They included increase of biomass and greenspace area through minimization of unnecessary impervious surfaces, creation of multilayered and multiaged vegetation structures, and avoidance of intensive tree pruning and relocation of above ground utility lines.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.493-502
• /
• 2006

This study analyzed greenspace structure focused on greenspace areas and vegetation structure for Yanggu, investigated resident attitudes to the greenspace, and explored strategies to improve greenspace functions in a rural region. Woody plant cover was approximately 29% for parks and only 3% for commercial gardens. The amount of planting for Yanggu was poor, as compared with the results of similar studies for urban areas. Trees, of which dbh was below 20cm, accounted for 91% of all trees and the tree-age structure was largely characterized by a young, growing tree population. Based on the analysis of mean importance values (MIV) of woody plant species, only a few were different in dominant species from urban areas. Four species among 10 species with highest MIV in Yanggu were very common species also ranked among 10 in cities. The most dominant species planted in residential and commercial gardens were practical plants such as fruit or edibles. Greenspace covered about 69% of parks, 39% of residential gardens, 37% of institutional gardens, 24% of streets, and 15% of commercial gardens, respectively. Tree planting potential revealed that present woody plant cover can be increased additionally by 6 times in the streets and by 2 times in the residential and commercial gardens. Based on the results of greenspace structure, planting patterns, and questionary investigation, some strategies were suggested to enlarge greenspace including its environmental functions. They included identifying each street section through setting up themes and planting appropriate species, creating multilayered vegetation structures, and promoting planting in bare grounds of gardens and around a buildings for saving energy.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.429-436
• /
• 2013

Churyeong Stream flows 37km from the mouth of Lake Okjeong and is impeded by many weirs that hamper the active movement of land-locked sweet smelt fish (Plecoglossus altivelis) that ascend and descend between the lake and the upper stream. In late December 2006, a fishway was constructed in a weir of the lower reach of Churyeong Stream, where juveniles begin their ascent to mature upstream. At 13 sites along the stream from April to October 2007, we investigated the effects of the newly constructed fishway on sweet smelt growth. After construction of the fishway, juvenile sweet smelt were able to migrate freely upstream, something that had previously only been possible when the weir was in flood. The body size of mature sweet smelt collected during the spawning season in September 2007 was greatly increased compared to previous seasons, measuring an average of $163{\pm}21.5mm$ in standard length. These measurements were 13mm, 20mm, and 57mm longer than body length averages for mature sweet smelt collected in 2006, 2004, and 2005, respectively. Therefore, it is likely to be necessary for the construction of fishways on streams and rivers containing land-locked sweet smelt populations to increase average body sizes and viability.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.449-461
• /
• 2013

This study is contributed to examine the vegetation characteristics of the Quercus mongolica which are located in between two summits, hyangnobong and gitdaebaggybong, with dividing two regions(I, II). A total of 63 Quercus mongolica communities were enrolled in this survey. A~E, 5 communities were the result of analysed classification by TWINSPAN. Spatial distribution of the communities; 'A' community is concentrated at an altitude of about 1,300 meters in Mt. Taebaek(II region). 'B' and 'C' communities are concentrated at an altitude of between 700 and 1500 meters in Mt. Seorak and Odae(Iregion). 'D' and 'E' communities are concentrated at an altitude of below 1,100 meters in Mt. Cheongok and geumdaebong(II region), and also Mt. Seorak and Odae(Iregion). Arboral and shrub populations, maximum species diversity and height of arboral of each communities have a characteristic of decreasing according to increasing altitude gradually. And the result of studying on arboreal growth increment with up to 40-year-old trees, there is no special tendency with growth increment in the altitude of subnormal 1,100 meters, but there is a tendency that growth increment becomes lower in the altitude of more than 1,100 meters. In correlation analysis, it is -0.53 in the Quercus mongolica and Betula costata community at an altitude of over 1,000 meters, the correlation shows negative(-). It is +0.59 in the Quercus mongolica and Rubus crataegifolius community at an altitude of less than 1,000 meters, the correlation shows positive(+). And those are cognate trees with the correlation of Betula costata, Betula costata Trautv., Tripterygium regelii Sprague&Takeda., Acer barbinerve Maxim. With a summary of the results, the changes in the environment according to the elevation affect Quercus mongolica community.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.58-65
• /
• 1996

The environment in urban are becoming worse and forest is being recognized the major part of city by the increase of population and facilities. This study was carried out to analyze topographic environment as the basis for reasonable management and utility of forest situated in Taejon city and its vicinities using Sandst-5 TM and digital terrain elevation data(DTED). Forest area was extracted by Landsat-5 TM data. Distribution of elevation, slope and aspect was derived from digital terrain elevation data. The research area to analyze ropographic environment for urban forest were Bomumsan, Bongsan, Kabhasan, Sikchangsan, and Kyechoksan. Forest, the largest area in Taejon covers 55.1% of totaf area. This is more 5 times than urban area. 70.8% of forest area in Taejon city is located in elevation of lower than 200m and 4.8% of that is located in elevation of upper than 400m. Distribution of elevation is 45.7% of total area for 100m to 200m in Kyechoksan and is 92.4% of total area for lower than 300m in Bomumsan. Elevation of upper than 300m is 20.4% of total area in Kabhasan and is 46.6% of total area in Sikchangsan. The slope of more 20 digree is over 50% of total area in every area except for Bonsan and 35.2% of total area in Sikchangsan and Kahasan than in Bomumsan and Kyechoksan.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.638-647
• /
• 2010

This study was performed in order to analyze influences the actual vegetation between the communities of Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica in southern Korea to the species composition of the seed bank in the top soil. The soil samples were collected from the studied plots and transported to the Experimental Glasshouse at Department of Landscape Architecture, Yeungnam University and examined the germinated species individual numbers with species composition and germinated individual numbers by species. The overall germination status was the highest in the herbaceous layers than the layers of tree, sub-tree and shrub, respectively. There were no significantly different between numbers of species and individuals and between actual vegetation and seed bank in the two communities. The woody species marked in the seed bank as a pioneer or edge species than in the two communities which are in the stage of mid or late successional species. Although the plant species in the herbaceous layers was highly influenced to the species composition of the seed bank, but no significantly different was showed within the same forest zone and latitudes of Korean peninsula. As the pioneer or edge species of the actual vegetation possibly will be higher the buried in the top soil layer and this phenomenon will influence overall species composition in the seed bank population.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.35 no.5
• /
• pp.503-524
• /
• 2021

A largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is an ecosystem disturbance fish species at the highest rank in the aquatic ecosystem, causing a serious imbalance in freshwater ecosystems. Although various attempts have been made to eradicate and control largemouth bass, no effective measures were found. Therefore, it is necessary to find an approach to maximize the effective population reduction based on the unique characteristics of largemouth bass. This study used the transcriptome analysis to derive 182,887 unigene contigs and select 12 types of final target sequences for applying the CRISPR/Cas9 system in the genes of IZUMO1 and Zona pellucida sperm-binding protein, which are proteins involved in sperm-egg recognition. After synthesizing 12 types of sgRNA capable of recognizing each target sequence, 12 types of Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes to be used in subsequent studies were prepared. This study searched the protein-coding gene of sperm-egg through the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and edited genes through the CRISPR/Cas9 system to induce infertile individuals that produced reproductive cells but could not form fertilized eggs. Through such a series of processes, it successfully established a composition development process for largemouth bass. It is judged that this study contributed to securing the valuable basic data for follow-up studies to verify its effect for the management of ecological disturbances without affecting the habitat of other endemic species in the same water system with the largemouth bass.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.618-638
• /
• 2018

This study examined the vegetation structure in the ridge of the Hannamgeumbuk-Jeongmaek and Geumbuk-Jeongmaek by selecting 7 sites(2 sites at Hannamgeumbuk-Jeongmaek and 5 sites at Geumbuk-Jeongmaek) in consideration of the environmental conditions and artificial influences and conducting the vegetation survey in the selected sites. The community classification based on TWINSPAN categorized the vegetation at Hannamgeumbuk-Jeongmaek into 8 groups: Quercus variabilis-Q. acutissima community, Pinus densiflora-Q. mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community, P. densiflora-Q. mongolica-Q. variabilis community, P. densiflora-Deciduous oaks community, P. koraiensis community, Q. mongolica-Q. variabilis community, and Larix kaempferi-P. koraiensis community. It also categorized the vegetation at Geumbuk-Jeongmaek into 9 groups: Quercus variabilis community, Deciduous broad-leaved community, Q. mongolica community, Pinus densiflora-Q. mongolica-Q. variabilis community, Q. acutissima community, P. densiflora-Q. acutissima-Q. variabilis community, P. densiflora-Q. mongolica-P. rigida community, P. densiflora-P. thunbergii-Deciduous oaks community, and P. koraiensis community. Two species, Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora, which are widely distributed in the ridges of the Jeongmaeks and Baekdudaegan in South Korea, were dominant in many of the surveyed sites. The appearance of planted Castanea crenata in some plots, although not in high population, suggests human intervention in most regions of the Hannamgeumbuk-Jeongmaek and Geumbuk-Jeongmaek in the past. The Gayasan area, which is part of the Geumbuk-Jeongmaek and where the maritime climate and continental climate overlap, showed Pinus thunbergii, reflecting the local climate characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.51 no.4
• /
• pp.345-353
• /
• 2018

Hibernation is regarded as a physiological and behavioral adaptation that permits the survival of animals such as bats during seasonal periods of energy shortage. This study investigated the hibernation period of Plecotus ognevi in the temperate climate zone and the relationship between the thermal preference and hibernating process of bats. We hypothesized that the hibernation period of bats is closely related to the external temperature and temperature preference of bat species in the temperate region. To verify this hypothesis, we surveyed the distribution of the P. ognevi population in South Korea, and the temperature preference and the characteristics of hibernacula of P. ognevi. We predict that hibernation in the bat will begin when the external temperature drops below the thermal preference of the species and will leave from hibernation when the external temperature is higher than the thermal preference. P. ognevi hibernated in roosts maintained in low temperature ambient conditions with $-3.5{\sim}7.5^{\circ}C$). The body temperatures (averaged $3.01{\pm}1.30^{\circ}C$, ranged $0.1{\sim}7.8^{\circ}C$) of hibernating bats were closely related to the rock surface temperatures rather than the ambient temperatures. The bats began to hibernate in late November and final arousals occurred in mid-March, so that the total length of the hibernation was 115~120 days. The period of hibernation was strongly influenced by fluctuations in the external mean temperature. This study suggests that the onset and termination of P. ognevi hibernation is due to the interaction between the temperature of the hibernacula and that of the external environment and is based on the thermal preference of the bats. The study also suggests that the hibernation strategy such as thermal preference and hibernation periods of this species affect to distribution as bat species adapting to a severely climate.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.52 no.2
• /
• pp.143-150
• /
• 2019

Although inconspicuous marsh birds are an indicator of marsh health, there is little understanding of their status and population trends due to their behavioral characteristics and lack of reliable survey methods in Korea. We applied the Standardized North American Marsh Bird Monitoring Protocols(SNAMBMP) already validated in North America for effective survey of the marsh birds. We selected 29 sites with emergent marshes, rice fields and riparian forests in Seocheon-gun, Buyeo-gun and Gunsan-si. We conducted the survey with a combination of passive 5 minute point-count and vocal survey method (30 seconds call-broadcasting+30 seconds silence) that was targeted eight species 2~7 times/site from March to July 2017. Four species, Brown-cheeked Rail(Rallus indicus), Ruddy-breasted Crake (Porzana fusca), Watercock (Gallicrex cinerea) and Greater Painted-snipe (Rostatula benghalensis), were detected at one site respectively (naïve occupancy rate=0.035). Vocal survey method with conspecific call-broadcasting provided better on Brown-cheeked Rail and Watercock than the others. We suggest a combination of passive point-count and vocal survey method like SNAMBMP to monitor inconspicuous marsh birds at nationwide scale and collection of sound files through recording of the entire process during the survey.