• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2016

Particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere has wide-ranging health, environmental, and climate effects, many of which are attributed to fine-mode secondary organic aerosols. PM concentrations are significantly enhanced by primary particle emissions from traffic sources. Recently, in order to reduce $CO_2$ and increase fuel economy, gasoline direct injected (GDI) engine technology is increasingly used in vehicle manufactures. The popularization of GDI technique has resulted in increasing of concerns on environmental protection. In order to better understand variations in chemical composition of particulate matter from emissions of GDI vehicle versus a port fuel injected (PFI) vehicle, a high time resolution chemical composition of PM emissions from GDI and PFI vehicles was measured at facility of Transport Pollution Research Center (TPRC), National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Korea. Continuous measurements of inorganic and organic species in PM were conducted using an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). The HR-ToF-AMS provides insight into non-refractory PM composition, including concentrations of nitrate, sulfate, hydrocarbon-like and oxygenated organic aerosol, and organic mass with 20 sec time resolution. Many cases of PM emissions during the study were dominated by organic and nitrate aerosol. An overview of observed PM characteristics will be provided along with an analysis of comparison of GDI vehicle versus PFI vehicle in PM emission rates and oxidation states.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.193-208
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to look into Korean film criticism that started during Japanese occupation. It's specifically attempted to shed light on the development and significance of Joseon film criticism and on film movement theory as part of the history of Korean early modern film criticism. When kino-drama that could be called the start of Joseon movies was popular, enlightenment-based view of movie was rampant due to the inflow of western civilization and modernistic consciousness. Afterwards, the nature of movie itself drew a lot of attention from contemporary people in the silent picture days, and there appeared a critical trend in pursuit of artistry. Diverse criteria of criticism about reality and representation were presented, and a lot of disputes were eventually stirred up. Thus, criticism started to make a progress. A proletarian film movement theory, the so-called KAPF film campaign that was prevalent from the mid-1920s to the mid-1930s, was one of leading contemporary movie theories and took the lead in critic community. That had a great impact on the entire Joseon film circles. That took a proletarian view of movie, which was based on Bolshevik theory of Popularization and dialectic historical materialism. their criticism made a contribution to providing information on foreign movies and theories and to presenting main principles and multiple alternatives toward film organization and playing.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.2 no.1 s.3
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• pp.25-41
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• 1993

This study was made to analyze the housing adjustment phenomenon in the first half of Chosun Dynasty by applying Microsociological approach. By reviewing the housing adjustment theory of Morris and Winter, research model for the period was developed in terms of socioeconomic characteristics, normative housing deficit (=cultural norm-housing condition+family norm), constraints, behavioral propensities, and housing adjustment mechanism with the following results : 1. In the first half of Chosun Dynasty the size of the house, the house site and decorating items were specified by law (cultural norm) according to the social status. Although the law was constraints for the housing phenomenon, it was not applied universally. Frequantly the law was violated by the upper class. By the middle of the Dynasty the family norm became more important for the housing phenomenon than the cultural norm. 2. Efforts were made to practice the Confucianism as a cultural norm in the first half of Chosun Dynasty At that time Husband-Living-in-Wife's-House was more popular than Wife-Living-in-Husband's-House. Because the customs were against the Confucianism, the latter was encouraged by law. But it did not change. Instead a compromised system became popular in the middle of the Dynasty. The house shrine was practiced to increase the symbolism of the family, which, in turn, exerted influences in deciding the housing site (cultural norm). These cultural norm was not accepted as the family norm untill the second half of the Dynasty. These trends forced the man and woman use separate areas of the house, and formulated a hierarchic positions within a house. 3. It was shown that the settlement of Confucianism as a family norm was closely related to the popularization of the Ondol system in the house, which functioned as one of the behavioral propensities to encourage diversity of space for many purposes. Though the Ondol system was accepted as a useful heating system earlier, this became more popular in the middle of the Dynasty because the housing pattern with Ondol fitted very well with a large family system with patriarchism. Ondol system for one or two rooms substituted Ondol for all rooms in the second half of the Dynasty. 4. From the beginning of the Dynasty housing adjustment of the family was determined by the social status and by law (cultural norm). Within this cultural norm each family decided its adjustment mechanism according to its economic ability (family norm). Family norm was more important factor than the cultural norm to determine the micro-space pattern in the house. But this period witnessed the formations of new conditions by the ruling class's efforts to implement new ethics for hierarchy and sexual discrimination. According to these conditions the Confucianism overruled the family norm in the later period.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.572-589
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• 2010

With the advent of lifelong learning society, most of the cities in Korea have been promoting the construction of lifelong learning city. At this point, the purpose of this study is to configure regional learning programs and apply them to the actual world. Important results of this study can be outlined as follows; First, the regional learning programs in the lifelong learning society are desirable to be configurated with the situated learning method focused on the characteristics of learners, instructors and the local contexts. In addition, the active training of regional human resources such as organizing learning circles and SERVICE-LEARNING through the participation of them is effective as a teaching method. Secondly, the consequence through the field excursion calling itself 'the geography exploration group', organized by the researcher and involved with participants together provoked the paradigm shift on their region and the regional identity. Thirdly, the active participation of local experts including geography teachers should be needed for the popularization of geography education. Hence, if we continue to develop the local learning programs tailored to regional traits and apply them to the actual world, geography education will play an important role to build the stable foundation in the lifelong learning society.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.63-83
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• 2011

This study aims to prove the changes, development and social background of Korean male cosmetics over the period of 2000-2010. There were total 574 articles written about male make-up and cosmetics in Chosun Daily, Joongang Daily and Donga Daily, which are the top three Korean local daily newspapers in terms of sales revenue for that period. These articles were analyzed together with social background research from various books and daily newspapers. The analysis of articles was divided into different categories; such as foundation cosmetics, color cosmetics, hair, and the social background. It was found that the articles related to foundation cosmetics were written the most, the articles related to male appearance management were second, articles on other items including how to manage the skin being the least. As for the social background of Korean male cosmetics, first of all, a change in social recognition can be pointed out. The traditional understanding of gender roles has changed, men's appearance management has started to be regarded as a competitive talent, and at the same time, the esthetic viewpoint for men also has changed. One example is the newly made popular term, "flower-handsome man", which shows the new trend of favoring males with nice skin. Second, the expansion of mass culture can be pointed out. As consumers can get information and fashion trends easier and faster, the fashion spreads fast, and this has led to the generalization and popularization of the sense of beauty. Third, the development of scientific technology and medical science can be pointed out. Thanks to the progress in those areas. the extension of youthfulness has become possible and the cosmetics industry was also affected greatly, as shown in the market spread of functional products for anti-ageing and wrinkle control as the interest in anti-ageing has grown. There are benefits from the development of scientific technology, but the problem of environmental pollution has appeared due to machinery and industrialization and thus the issue of well-being has been raised. Rising interest in naturalism, pro-environmentalism and organic cosmetics has influenced the cosmetics industry. In addition, the quantity of ultraviolet rays exposed to our skin has increased due to the air pollution caused by the destruction of environment, leading to increased usage of sun block lotion. Lastly, the influence of consumer society and the expansion of consumerism culture can be pointed out. In the modern society, consumption acts not only as the use of products and services but it also has an important role of mediating individuals with others and the society. The market for male cosmetics has been expanding and the number of men putting on make-up has been increasing rapidly. Therefore, this study is meaningful in that the analysis of the mode of change and the social background are an essential process in order to provide a direction for the future market for male cosmetics.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.208-218
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• 2000

The popularization and the common use of internet are realizing these days thanks to the development of web. Using the web as a teaching instrument is the Web Based Instruction(WBI). WBI, along with constructivism, has a great influence on the present educational society. However, many problems were found in learners' using the numerous WBI programs in cyber space. Above all, the interaction between teachers and learners is not enough, and searching for the materials on web is not easy. It's very difficult for a teacher to design and construct a WBI program in school teaching. But It is not so difficult to design and construct a WBI program based on interaction. Therefore, if a teacher familiar to students in school makes a web page and provides a cyberspace, the students will interact very easily them in the cyberspace. They can use the e-mail, bulletin board or discuss and chat. The cyberspace will make up for the insufficient interaction in school life. But because this program needs all students have proper material condition, there will be another kind of estranged learners. Thus, this problem can be solved by the cheap-popular PC offering movement backed by the government, and other types of projects systematically.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.12C no.4 s.100
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• pp.597-602
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• 2005

In this study, file size for measurement and the service system's billing data were submitted to a comparative analysis by performing a verification test on the billing system of three major mobile communication services providers, based on the wireless Internet service packet. As shown in the result of the verification test, there were some differences in the billing data due to transmission overhead, according to the network quality that is affected by the wireless environment of mobile operators. Consequently, the packet analysis system was proposed as a means of applying consistent packet billing to all service providers being compared. If the packet analysis system is added to supplement the current billing system various user requirements can be met. Billing by Packet among mobile operators and differentiated billing based on the content value are available, since the packet data can be extracted through protocol analysis by service, and it can be classified by content tape through traffic data analysis. Furthermore, customer's needs can be satisfied who request more information on the detailed usage, and more flexible and diverse billing policies can be supported like application of charging conditions to the non-charging packet handling. All these services are expected to contribute to the popularization of the wireless Internet service, since user complaints about the service charge could be reduced.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.503-517
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• 2017

After a few recent documentary films had commercial success, factors for their success are getting attention. This paper explores the factors of the financial success of two documentary films. "My Love, Don't Cross That River" gained extended popularity with its universal message, and "Two Doors" conveyed a poweful political message. This paper conducted a case study by inteviewing production directors and distribution managers. Analysis was based on the three categories suggested by Litman and Kohl(1989): creative sphere, distribution-scheduling release pattern, and marketing efforts. Findings present the common factors of the two movies' success in the following areas: persons and events showing a powerful reality, a message with new and fresh insight, artistic quality, distribution strategy with timely scheduling, release time (period), public relations, and advertising.. In addition, "My Love, Don't Cross That River" was helped by a sufficient budget for scheduling/releasing and advertising. Its wide-release stratergy worked as well. "Two Doors" was aided by the government support for release and by the special factor called 'Participating viewer'. By examining the factors of documentary films' commercial success, this study has an implication for the popularization of documentary movies by indicating how to strategically apply relevant factors.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.21
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• pp.33-49
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• 2010

Since the Web 2.0 generation, the average user is more than just enjoying the various media contents; they start to create contents, and those contents have had a huge value and great influence in recent days. The reason for the increase of users who tend to create contents is due to popularization of web based applications. Previous applications were only for the skilled person; however, new web based applications involve the average person and give him a new level of user enjoyment by allowing him to create easily with simple operations. In this paper, through analysing previous animation-creating applications which could not spread widely compared to other contents, we suggest the outline for developing a web based animation-creating application which can help the user to easily create animation contents. We have looked around at how various other contents-making applications have been changed to help the user to be able to participate in creating contents, and we suggest how animation-creating applications can be changed and developed from this analysis. We expect the conclusion of this paper to stimulate to development acting 3D animation-creating applications corresponding to the web 2.0 features - open, share, cooperate, participate. In result, users can enjoy creating the animation more actively; at the same time, we hope to help the development of the new applications which correlate to memedia generation.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.19
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• pp.113-126
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• 2010

The digital cartoons market is looking for a new growth momentum as the radical increases of the demands and markets about the mobile contents with portable instrument popularization. The conventional digital cartoons markets which are based on web-toon, page viewer cartoons and e-paper cartoons have been studied various fields to overcome some limitations such as the traditional cartoons had. The mobile cartoons which have been changed more and more, have some canvas limitations due to the mobile screen size. These limitations lead to the communication problems between the cartoonists and the subscribers and resulting some obstacles of mobile cartoons activations. In this paper, we developed a authoring tool applied the Screen Flow method to overcome inefficiency of conventional authoring methods. This proposed method can reflect the cartoonists' during the process of authoring mobile cartoons, thereafter we studied about the authoring method of mobile cartoons and its effects. For the convenience of users creating and distributing content in a way has been studied.