• 설비공학논문집
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.955-963
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• 2006

Nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) were measured with one nonazeotropic mixture of Propane/Isobutane and two azeotropic mixtures of HFC134a/Isobutane and Propane/HFC134a. All data were taken at the liquid pool temperature of $7^{\circ}C$ on a horizontal plain tube with heat fluxes of $10kW/m^2\;to\;80kW/m^2$ with an interval of $10kW/m^2$ in the decreasing order of heat flux. The measurements were made through electrical heating by a cartridge heater. The nonazeotropic mixture of Propane/Isobutane showed a reduction of HTCs as much as 41% from the ideal values. The azeotropic mixtures of HFC134a/Isobutane and Propane/HFC134a showed a reduction of HTCs as much as 44% from the ideal values at compositions other than azeotropic compositions. At azeotropic compositions, however, the HTCs were even higher than the ideal values due to the increase in the vapor pressure. For all mixtures, the reduction in heat transfer was greater with a larger gliding temperature difference. Stephan and $K{\ddot{o}}rner's$ and Jung et al's correlations predicted the HTCs of mixtures with a mean deviation of 11%. The largest mean deviation occurred at the azeotropic compositions of HFC134a/Isobutane and Propane/HFC134a.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.648-657
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• 2002

This paper presents a numerical analysis on the solidification characteristics in twin-roll strip casting. Unstructured fixed-grid system was employed to deal with phase change. Melting of pure gallium was analyzed to confirm the validity of present program in both structured and unstructured grid systems. An algorithm for simultaneous calculation of the temperature in the roll and the molten metal pool was developed. The flow field in the pool and heat transfer features between pool and roll were shown. The effect of process parameters was also studied. Since the geometry of the molten metal Pool significantly deforms along the casting direction, unstructured grid system is more efficient. The unstructured grid system gives almost the same accuracy, even though the number of grids is only 60% of the structure done.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제12권10호
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• pp.941-949
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• 2000

Pool boiling heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of HCFC123, CFC11, HCFC142b, HFC134a, CFC12, HFC22, HFC125 and HFC32 on a horizontal smooth tube have been measured. The experimental apparatus is specially designed to simulate the real heat transfer tube with the use of the secondary fluid of water as a heat source rather than a conventional electric heat source. Data were taken in the order of decreasing heat flux starting at $80 ㎾/m^2\; and \;ending\; at\; 5㎾/m^2\;in\; the\; poo\;l temperature\; at\; 7^{\circ}C$, Test results showed that HTCs of HFC125, and HFC32 are 50~67% higher than those of HCFC22. It is also found that some of the popular pool boiling heat transfer correlations in the literature are not good to predict the HTCs of newly developed alternative refrigerants. A new correlation was developed by a regression analysis which is based upon the consistent data obtained in this study and it showed an excellent agreement with all experimental data having an absolute mean deviation of less than 10%.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.484-492
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• 2013

Nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) are measured with HFC32/HFC152a mixture at several compositions. All data are taken at the liquid pool temperature of $7^{\circ}C$, on a horizontal plain square surface of $9.53{\times}9.53$ mm, with heat fluxes of 10 $kW/m^2$ to 100 $kW/m^2$ with an interval of 10 $kW/m^2$, in the increasing order of heat flux. Test results show that the HTCs of these mixtures are up to 45% lower than those of the ideal HTCs calculated by a linear mixing rule with pure fluids' HTCs, due to the mass transfer resistance associated with non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures. Pool boiling data show the deduction in HTCs with an increase in GTD of the mixture. The present mixture data agree well with five well known correlations, within 20% deviation.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.842-849
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• 2006

In this study, the effect of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on boiling heat transfer is investigated. Three refrigerants of R22, R123, R134a, and water are used as base working fluids and 1% of CNTs by volume is added to the base fluids to study the effect of CNTs. All data are obtained at the pool temperature of $7^{\circ}C$ for all refrigerants and $100^{\circ}C$ for water in the heat flux range of $10{\sim}80\;kW/m^2$. Test results show that CNTs increase the boiling heat transfer coefficients for all fluids. Especially, large enhancement was observed at low heat flutes. With increasing heat flux, however, the enhancement was suppressed due to vigorous bubble generations. Fouling was not observed during the course of this study. Optimum quantity and type of CNTs and their dispersion should be examined for their application in pool boiling heat transfer.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.122-133
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• 2001

Pool boiling heat transfer coefficients(HTCs) of HFC32/HFC134a, HFC125/HFC134a, HFC32/HFC125 and HFC32/HFC125/HFC134a were measured on a horizontal smooth tube. The experimental apparatus was specially designed to simulate the real heat transfer tube with the use of the secondary fluid of water. Data were taken in the order of decreasing heat flux starting at 80kW/$m^2\; and\; ending\; at\; 5kW/m^2$ in the pool temperature at $7^{\circ}C$. Test results showed that HTCs of these mixtures were 11~38% lower than those of ideal HTCs calculated by a linear mixing rule with pure fluids、 HTCs. Experimental data were compared with Stephan & Korner, Thome, Schlunder, Thome & Shakir、s correlations only to find that those correlations were not satisfactory for all fluids. Hence, a new correlation based on the present data was proposed which could be applied even to the ternary mixture. The correlation predicts the degradation of HTCs of mixtures well, showing a mean deviation of less than 15% for all the mixture data.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.685-692
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• 1991

The pool boiling behavior of a heated surface has been investigated experimentally, focusing on the cases when only a part of the contact surface is heated. Characteristic boiling curves are obtained with circular metal surface test pieces heated below while immersed in Refrigerant-113. Locally heated test pieces are fabricated by inserting a heating block at the center inside a larger conducting block. Overall heat transfer rates are measured while the experimental conditions are systematically varied. The local temperature profiles along the radius are measured for conducting blocks. It is found that the conjugated boiling condition exists and the total heat fluxes should be correlated to a suitably defined temperature difference.

• 한국공작기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국공작기계학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.184-190
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• 2004

Over the last few years, there has been a growing interest in quantitative representation of the weld pools in order to relate the processing conditions to the driving forces of the weldment produced and to use this information for the optimization of the welding process. A theoretical model offers a powerful alternative to check the physical concepts of the welding process and the effects of driving forces. To solve this problem, a 2-D thermo-fluid model were eve loped for determining temperature and velocity distribution for the GMA welding process.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2003년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.115-120
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• 2003

In this study, smoke movement in tunnel fires was investigated with various aspect ratio(0.5, 0.667, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) of tunnel cross section. Reduced-scale experiments were carried out under the Froude scaling using 8.27 kW ethanol pool fire. Temperatures were measured under the ceiling and vertical direction along the center of the tunnel. Smoke front velocity and temperature decrease rate were reduced as higher aspect ratio of the tunnel cross-section. Smoke movement was evaluated by analysis of vertical temperature distribution 3 m downstream from the fire source. Elevation of smoke interface according to N percent rule was under about 60% of tunnel height.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.184-192
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• 2006

제주연안에 서식하는 검정망둑 Tridentiger obscurus의 생식주기를 조사하기위해 기수지역에서 2004년 5월부터 2005년 8월까지 총 408마리, 조수웅덩이에서 2004년 7월부터 2005년 8월까지 총 271마리를 채집하였다. 기수지역의 수온은 $11.0{\sim}21.6^{\circ}C$이었다. 조수웅덩이의 수온은 2004년 7~8월에 $30.1{\sim}29.2^{\circ}C$의 범위였으나, 2005년의 수온변화는 기수지역과 유사하여 $11.1{\sim}24.5^{\circ}C$로 조사되었다. 기수지역 암컷의 GSI는 4월에 증가하기 시작하여 5~8월에 높은 값을 유지하였다. 기수지역 검정망둑의 생식주기는 미성숙기 (11~5월), 성숙기 (3~9월), 완숙 및 산란기 (5~9월), 퇴행기 (7~12월)로 조사되었다. 조수웅덩이 암컷의 GSI도 4월에 빠르게 증가하기 시작하여 2005년 7월까지 높은 값을 유지하였다. 그러나 고수온 시기인 2004년 7월에는 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 조수웅덩이에 서식하는 검정망둑의 생식주기는 미성숙기 (8~4월), 성숙기 (3~8월), 완숙 및 산란기 (3~7월), 퇴행기(2004년 7~8월, 2005년 8월)로 조사되었다. 기수지역과 조수웅덩이에 서식하는 검정망둑의 포란수는 각각 1,214~12,109와 2,427~13,892의 범위였고 포란수는 조수웅덩이가 기수지역보다 높았다 (P<0.05). 그리고 두 지역 모두 전장과 체중이 증가할수록 포란수가 증가하는 경향이 있었다. 기수지역에서 전장 111 mm 이상인 개체들은 산란시기에만 관찰된 반면 조수웅덩이에서는 2004년 10월 이후부터 지속적으로 관찰되었다. 그리고 기수지역과 조수웅덩이에서 이러한 개체들의 출현빈도는 각각 0~12%와 11.4~57.9%이었다. 이들 결과로 보아, 검정망둑의 난소 발달은 수온 및 일장의 변화와 밀접한 관련이 있다고 생각된다.