• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.548-555
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• 1992

The biological activities of fruits of Poncirus trifoliata have been studied. 70% Ethanol extract of Ponciri Fructus was fractionated with ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol by turns. The ether fraction showed antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus and inhibited the contractability of the isolated mice ileum. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions showed the anti-edematous effect on the carrageenin-induced edema of rat hindpaw. From the n-butanol fraction, one of the flavonoid glycoside was isolated and identified as poncirin. Ponciri Fructus contained about 6% poncirin which was 5,7-dihydroxy-4´-methoxy flavanone rhamnoglucoside and poncirin showed antiinflammatory activities. Poncirin was considered as the major effective component of Ponciri Fructus.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.568-577
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• 2015

To protect skin problems, new natural material alternative to synthetic antioxidants has been extensively selected from natural sources such as plants, animals, and microorganisms. Poncirus trifoliata of those has been widely used as treatment of allergy, chronic inflammatory diseases, and natural antioxidant. In recent days, microbial fermentation to natural products has been reported to increase feasibly their bioavailability. Accordingly, we performed the fermentation using hot water extract of Poncirus trifoliata by isolated Leuconostocs sp. strain JYK and investigated the change of antioxidative activity. Antioxidative material such as hesperidine naringine, imperatorin, and luteolin was found in hot water extract of Poncirus trifoliata. Total phenolics compounds and flavoniods in hot water extract were $71.2{\pm}4.58GAE(mg/g)$ and $25.1{\pm}4.12$ hesperidine(mg/g), respectively. After fermentation, their values were $89.2{\pm}13.47GAE(mg/g)$ and $31.0{\pm}4.06$ hesperidine(mg/g), respectively. After fermentation, ABTS[2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] and DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical were highly enhanced from $70.2{\pm}9.01$ to $86.2{\pm}3.72$ and $18.7{\pm}1.81$ to $26.6{\pm}4.06$, respectively. Thus microbial fermentation offers a tool to further increase the bioactive potential of Poncirus trifoliata.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.262-269
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• 1993

Poncirin which is one of the flavanone rhamnoglucosides showed anti-inflammatory activity as the major component of fruit of Poncirus trifoliata. Poncirin did not show antiinflammatory effect when it was intraperitoneally administered, but it was very effective when orally administered. Poncirin was not metabolized by blood and liver enzymes but by intestinal bacteria of human and rats. Among the human intestinal bacteria, Streptococcus Y-25 converted poncirin to ponciretin through the poncirenin and Staphylococcus Y-88 converted to ponciretin directly.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.109-116
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• 2007

Objective : In order to elucidate hyperlipidemic effects of the fruits of Poncirus trifoliata and Citrus aurantium, our experimental study was performed on hyperlipidemia rats induced by Triton WR-1339. Method : The hyperlipidemia rats induced by intraperitonial injection of triton WR-1339 were treated with the fruits of P. trifoliata (rare and preparata) and C. aurantium 50 and 200mg/kg. The amount of triglyceride. total cholesterol. HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, AST. and ALT levels were measured. Results: The levels of triglyceride. total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly reduced in fruits of P. trifoliata (rare and preparata) and C. aurantiu. Simvastatine treated group compared with those of control but the level of HDL-cholesterol was incresed. The level of AST and ALT were not significantly reduced by the treatment to the fruits of P. trifoliata (rare and preparata) and C. aurantium. Conclusion : In the hyperlipidemia rats induced by triton WR-1339. the fruits of P. trifoliata (rare and preparata) and C. aurantium showed a hyperlipidemic effect.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.156-161
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• 2000

The unripe fruit of Poncirus trifoliata Raf has been used for the treatment of allergic disease. Recently it was reported that the fruit inhibits passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and histamine release at mast cell. Type I immediate hypersensitivity of anaphylactic type is caused by released mediate chemical at mast cell. Histamine is also known as one of potent mediate chemical. Also release of mediate chemical is affected by specific stimulation of IgE combined with mast cell. Activation of mast cell is known to be stimulated by compound 48/80 and inhibited by increase of cAMP. In this experiment, the effect of water extract of Poncirus trifoliata Raf fruit (PT) on a histamine release, cAMP concentration and IgE production was measured. Compound 48/80 was administrated to the mouse peritoneal cell which was pretreated with PT. PT dosedependently inhibited histamine release at peritoneal mast cell and the serum level of histamine induced by compound 48/80. PT also instantly increased cAMP level of peritoneal mast cell right after it was added and the level gradually decreased. Production of IgE induced by antigens at mouse peritoneal cell was inhibited by PT. The IgE synthesis is induced by IL-4 and it is known that lipopolysaccharide(LPS) plus IL-4 cause an increase in IgE secretion by murine B cells. The effects of PT inhibited the production of IgE activated by LPS plus IL-4 at human U266B1 cells. These results indicate that PT has antiallergic activity by Inhibition of IgE production from B cells and histamine release by increase of cAMP.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.316-325
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• 1997

The dried unripe fruit of Poncirus trifoliata L. is widely used to treat urticaria, itch and indigestion in folk medicine. And recently it was reported the component of the fruit was found to exhibit an inhibitory effect on histamine release from mast cells. So to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Poncirus trifoliata L.(PTFE) on compound 48/80-induced histamine release, the study was carried out in rat peritoneal mast cell. PTFE $(10^{-3}{\sim}1mg/ml)$ inhibits the histamine release induced by compound 48/80 $(5{\mu}g/ml)$ in rat peritoneal mast cells. To clarify the mechanism of these inhibition, we investigated the effect of PTFE on cAMP and intracellular calcium content. The increase in cAMP content, when PTFE was added, was transient. At concentration of 1mg/ml, the cAMP content of mast cells was significantly increased at a rate of 53 times of basal cells at 10sec. PTFE inhibits histamine release by augmenting the cAMP content in mast cells. Moreover, PTFE inhibits intracellular calcium release induced by compound 48/80. This result suggests that PTFE may be useful for the prevention and treatment of allergy-related disease.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.9-14
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• 2012

Objective : We investigated the effect of Poncirus trifoliata and Citrus aurantium extract in mice with cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis (AP) model. Methods : AP was induced via intraperitoneal injection of cerulein (50 ${\mu}g/kg$) given every hour for 6h. Poncirus trifoliata (PT: 200 or 400 mg/kg) and Citrus aurantium (CA: 200 or 400 mg/kg) extract were injected 1 h before in mice with cerulein-induced AP. Mice were sacrificed at 6 h after last injection of cerulein. Blood samples were taken to determine serum amylase and lipase levels. The pancreas and lungs were rapidly removed for morphological examination, myeloperoxidase assay. Results : PT pre-treatment significantly protected the pancreas and lung damages and reduced the MPO activity and serum amylase in cerulein-induced AP. However, CA pre-treatment did not significantly protected the pancreas and lung inflammation in cerulein-induced AP. Conclusion : These results suggest that PT but not CA could protect the cerulein-induced AP. Conclusion : These results suggest that PT but not CA could protect the cerulein-induced AP.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.146-148
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• 2001

In order to investigate the inhibitory effects on the type IV allergy reaction of the hot water extracts (10 mg/20 g body weight) from medicinal herbs (Flos magnoliae, Poncirus trifoliata, Bupleurum falcatum, Scutellaria baicalensis, Schisandra chinensis), delayed type hypersensitivity by 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB) was measured. Scutellaria baicalensis, Schisandra chinensis and Poncirus trifoliata showed inhibitory effects on the delayed type hypersensitivity by DNFB in the 1'st and 2'nd sensitized mice, but Flos magnoliae showed valuable changes only in the 2'nd sensitized mice. Inhibitory effect of Bupleurum falcatum had no statistical significance (p>0.05). According to above results, Scutellaria baicalensis, Schisandra chinensis and Poncirus trifoliata are supposed to be effective as anti-delayed type allergic regimen.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.317-322
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• 1995

As a basic research for breeding new varieties, reciprocal -intergeneric crosses between Citrus junos and P.trifoliata were made. F$_1$ hybrid production using in vitro ovule culture, gametogenesis, and fertilization phenomena were investigated. Frequency of fruit set resulting from crossing of Citrus junos and Poncirus Trifoliata was 16.6% while that of Poncirus Trifoliata and Citrus junos was 11.7%. Callus formation occurred well when ovules at the 6th week after pollination were cultured on MT (Murashige and Tucker) medium supplemented with zeatin 0.5 mg/L and NAA 1.0 or 3.0 mg/L. Immature ovules developed into mature embryos of the MT medium supplemented with 2,4-D 0.1 or 3.0 mg/L. Immature ovules developed into mature embryos of the MT medium supplemented with 2,4 D 0.1 or 0.5 mg/L. The invitro germination rates of 20-week-old ovules set C. junos $\times$ P. Trifoliata and P. Trifoliata $\times$ C. junos were 54.5% and 48.6%, respectively. The emergence ratios of trifoliate hybrids obtained by C. junos $\times$ P. Trifoliata and P. Trifoliata $\times$ C. junos were 56.7% and 100%, respectively. The chromosome number of C. junos and P. Trifoliata was n = 9 or 2n = 18, and the sizes of their pollen grain were 33.75 $\mu$ and 25.0 $\mu$. The length and width of embryo sac in C. junos and P. Trifoliata were 69.38~79.23 $\mu$ and 27.50~38.56 $\mu$, and those of egg cells were 17.50~41.50 $\mu$ and 6.25~8.12$\mu$. Fertilization of C. junos and P. trifoliata terminated 72 h after pollination.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 1999

In this study, the induction regeneration of callus from immature embryo in trifoliata orange (Poncirus trifoliata RAFIN.) were accomplished. The embryogenic calli were induced from the immature embryo derived from seed when the calli were irradiated for 16hr at about 2,000 Lux in $\frac{1}{2}$ MS medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, and 44.4$\mu$M BA. Regeneration to whole plants was the most successful in MS medium containing 5.0$\mu$M BA. The yellowish callus was developed at 2 to 3 weeks of culture and the callus was changed from yellow to green at 5 to 6 weeks culture. In vitro regeneration was directly induced from embryogenic callus in MS medium containing 3% sucrose and 5.0$\mu$M BA. Multishoot was formed at 16 weeks culture. Moreover, when the root-formed plantlet was transplanted to soil, they grew to a whole plant. The compact cultured-cells were observed by light microscope after 4 weeks of cultivation and the embryogenic clumps were formed about the 5 weeks. At the same time, the neighboring cells were liquefied. In addition, differentiation of leaf and stem from the callus was observed after 12 weeks. The developed oil sacs and the profacicular cambium of the immature leaf were observed after 18 weeks. Therefore, we can see the considerable changes of cell arrangements according to the developmental stages of calli from trifoliata orange.