• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.415-420
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• 2018

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (omija) is often used in Chinese medicine to treat various human diseases, and is known to possess various bioactive components such as schizandrin and gomisin A. In the present study, we prepared ethanol extracts of pomace of Schisandra chinensis (PSC) and investigated their effects on cell viability and expression changes of pro-apoptotic genes such as ATF3, NAG-1 and p21 in human colorectal cancer HCT116 cells. PSC significantly reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, and also dramatically induced the expression of ATF3, NAG-1 and p21 genes, with resveratrol used as a positive control. We also assessed the effects of pure compound schizandrin (SZ) derived from Schisandra chinensis on cell viability and expression of pro-apoptotic genes such as ATF3, NAG-1 and p21. The results showed that SZ also decreased cell viabilities in a dose-dependent manner and increased the expression of ATF3, NAG-1 and p21 genes. In addition, apoptosis was detected in SZ-treated HCT116 cells, which was confirmed with PARP cleavage. PARP cleavage was recovered in part by the transfection of NAG-1 siRNA. The results indicate that NAG-1 is one of the genes responsible for apoptosis induced by SZ. Overall, our findings may contribute to understanding the molecular mechanisms of anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities mediated by PSC and SZ.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.161-165
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• 2001

The dietary fiber was extracted from apple pomace with various concentrations of acidic, alkaline solvents and water in $24.4{\sim}29.3%$ yield. The extractions of water-soluble dietary fiber with acidic(6.85%) and alkaline solvent(6.55%) were more effective than the water extraction(6.0%). The higher extraction yield was obtained with increased concentration of acidic or alkaline solvents. The content of galacturonic acid was higher in the order, 0.01 M HCl(77.5%)>0.05 M HCl(76.8%)>$H_2O(76.1%)$>0.05 M NaOH(73.8%)> 0.01 M NaOH(69.0%) and the extraction with acidic solvent showed the highest pectin yield. The color value increased by extraction with solvent in higher concentration. And at equal concentration, the color value of alkaline extract was higher than that of acidic exctract. There was no relationship between the color value and the extraction yield of dietary fiber. In the investigation on the rheological properties, the shear stress increased in proportion to galacturonic acid contents. While water-soluble dietary fiber extracted with acid and water represented Newtonian rheological properties, the alkaline extract was inclined to have converting property from pseudoplastic to Bingham pseudoplastic with increment of alkaline concentration. In the studies on the time-dependence of apparent viscosity, the thixotropic property with hysteresis loop was observed in alkaline extract.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.450-458
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• 2017

In this study, the antimicrobial activity of black garlic pomace extract (BGPE) was examined, and its washing applicability to spinach was investigated. BGPE had antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive (Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium) food-borne pathogens. In particular, antimicrobial activities of BGPE against Gram-positive bacteria were higher than those against Gram-negative bacteria. Spinach samples were treated with 0.5% BGPE to determine the effect of BGPE on reducing naturally existing microorganisms on the surface of spinach leaves. BGPE treatment reduced populations of total aerobic bacteria and yeast/molds in spinach by 1.23~1.35 log CFU/g and 0.82~1.12 log CFU/g during 9 days of storage, respectively, compared with those of control samples. After treatment, there were no significant differences in color quality such as Hunter L, a, and b values and total color difference (${\Delta}E$). These results clearly indicate that BGPE treatment can be useful for improving microbiological safety and maintaining color quality of spinach during storage.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.252-260
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• 2010

A 90-d trial was conducted to determine the influence of additives such as pegmatite (Peg), precious stone (PS), grape pomace extracts (GPEx) and complexes of these additives (Peg + GPEx and PS + GPEx) via evaluation of meat quality including sensory properties in 90 d old finishing pigs. There were no significant differences in the approximate composition and physiochemical characteristics, including meat color, among the treated groups. However, the Peg treated group was found to have a higher water holding capacity than the other groups. The shear-force was evaluated as an indicator of hardness and found to be lower in the Peg and GPEx treated groups, and this tendency was greater when the complex of Peg and GPEx was supplied. No significant differences were observed among groups following analysis of the free amino acid composition and fatty acid (FA) composition. Sensory evaluation of the boiled loins showed significantly (p<0.05) better results from pigs fed diets containing Peg and GPEx complex. These results suggest that Peg may improve the water holding capacity and tenderness. In addition, supplementation with a complex of Peg and GPEx may improve tenderness.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.250-256
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• 2011

This study was performed to analyze the quality characteristics of Sulgidduk added with different ratio 0, 10 and 15% (w/w) of apple pomace dietary fiber powder (DFP). Increasing DFP from 0% to 15% was decreased in color L* value from 87.9 to 65.9, while a* and b* values were increased from -1.9 to 5.9 and from 5.0 to 20.5, respectively. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM; ${\times}500$) showed that air cell size in the Sulgidduk surface increased as the DEP increased. On the other hand, control without DFP had a compact structure without air cell. Enthalpy by DSC showed that control without DFP, 10 and 20% DEP Sulgidduk after 3 days of storage were 4.83, 3.80 and 3.18 J/g at $4^{\circ}C$ and those of $25^{\circ}C$ were 1.14, 0.60 and 0.60 J/g, respectively. DEP had more effective on retarded retrogradation of Sulgidduk at $4^{\circ}C$ than that at $25^{\circ}C$. Hardness of 15% DEP Sulgidduk was around 42% compared to that of control without DFP after 3 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$. In hedonic test, 15% DEP Sulgidduk showed the highest overall quality score among samples after making and storage 3 days at $4^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.286-294
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of enhancing the functional compounds in apple and pear pomace (APP) by fermentation with mycelia from the mushroom Lentinula edodes. A 30% (w/v) APP with added rice bran and Biji was fermented with L. edodes at $24^{\circ}C$ and 80% humidity. The cellulase and pectinase activities in the fermented APP (FAPP) were higher than those in the non-fermented control. In addition, the physiological activities of the FAPP, including DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, and SOD-like activity, as well as the total polyphenol and ${\beta}-glucan$ contents were higher than those in the control. FAPP treatment significantly reduced LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) levels in Raw 264.7 cell. Therefore, FAPP treatment was considered to more effectively suppress cell injury caused by inflammatory cytokines through inhibition of LPS-induced NO production. These results suggest that the levels of functional components in APP can be increased by fermentation with this mushroom mycelium. However, further studies are needed before it can be used as a functional material.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.198-205
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The anti-diabetic activity of pear through inhibition of ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ has been demonstrated. However, little has been reported about the effect of pear on insulin signaling pathway in obesity. The aims of this study are to establish pear pomace 50% ethanol extract (PPE)-induced improvement of insulin sensitivity and characterize its action mechanism in 3T3-L1 cells and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6 mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Lipid accumulation, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) secretion and glucose uptake were measure in 3T3-L1 cells. Mice were fed HFD (60% kcal from fat) and orally ingested PPE once daily for 8 weeks and body weight, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and serum lipids were measured. The expression of proteins involved in insulin signaling pathway was evaluated by western blot assay in 3T3-L1 cells and adipose tissue of mice. RESULTS: In 3T3-L1 cells, without affecting cell viability and lipid accumulation, PPE inhibited MCP-1 secretion, improved glucose uptake, and increased protein expression of phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1 [p-IRS-1, ($Tyr^{632})$)], p-Akt, and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4). Additionally, in HFD-fed mice, PPE reduced body weight, HOMA-IR, and serum lipids including triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol. Furthermore, in adipose tissue, PPE up-regulated GLUT4 expression and expression ratio of p-IRS-1 ($Tyr^{632})/IRS$, whereas, down-regulated p-IRS-1 ($Ser^{307})/IRS$. CONCLUSIONS: Our results collectively show that PPE improves glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells and insulin sensitivity in mice fed a HFD through stimulation of the insulin signaling pathway. Furthermore, PPE-induced improvement of insulin sensitivity was not accompanied with lipid accumulation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.1312-1321
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• 2011

Enzyme extracts of cellulase [filter paper cellulase (FPase) and carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase)], chitinase, and chitosanase produced by Aspergillus niger NRRL-567 were evaluated. The interactive effects of initial moisture and different inducers for FP cellulase and CMCase production were optimized using response surface methodology. Higher enzyme activities [FPase $79.24{\pm}4.22$ IU/gram fermented substrate (gfs) and CMCase $124.04{\pm}7.78$ IU/gfs] were achieved after 48 h fermentation in solid-state medium containing apple pomace supplemented with rice husk [1% (w/w)] under optimized conditions [pH 4.5, moisture 55% (v/w), and inducers veratryl alcohol (2 mM/kg), copper sulfate (1.5 mM/kg), and lactose 2% (w/w)] (p<0.05). Koji fermentation in trays was carried out and higher enzyme activities (FPase $96.67{\pm}4.18$ IU/gfs and CMCase $146.50{\pm}11.92$ IU/gfs) were achieved. The nonspecific chitinase and chitosanase activities of cellulase enzyme extract were analyzed using chitin and chitosan substrates with different physicochemical characteristics, such as degree of deacetylation, molecular weight, and viscosity. Higher chitinase and chitosanase activities of $70.28{\pm}3.34$ IU/gfs and $60.18{\pm}3.82$ to $64.20{\pm}4.12$ IU/gfs, respectively, were achieved. Moreover, the enzyme was stable and retained 92-94% activity even after one month. Cellulase enzyme extract obtained from A. niger with chitinolytic and chitosanolytic activities could be potentially used for making low-molecular-weight chitin and chitosan oligomers, having promising applications in biomedicine, pharmaceuticals, food, and agricultural industries, and in biocontrol formulations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to predict the energy value and dynamic degradation of roughage in Taiwan using the $Daisy^{(R)}$. in vitro fermentation method to provide information on one of the very important nutrients for ration formulation. The second objective was to study the effects of Aspergillus oryzae (AFE) inclusion on nutrient utilization. Three ruminal fistulated dry dairy cows were used for rumen fluid and fifteen conventional forages used in dairy cattle were collected around this island. The degradability of these feedstuffs with and without AFE ($Amaferm^{(R)}$.) treatment was measured using the $Daisy^{(R)}$. in vitro method. The roughage energy values, including TDN and NEL, were calculated according to Robinson (2000). Results from the 30 h in vitro neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability and predicted energy evaluations showed that alfalfa (among the forages) contained the highest degradability and energy values, Bermuda straw having the lowest. Peanut vines and corn silage contained higher energy values and the lowest value found in Pangola and Napier grasses among the locally produced forages. Pangola and Napier grasses had lower values than most imported forages except Bermuda straw. Among the by-products, wheat middling contained the highest NDF degradability, while rice bran contained the richest energy value due to its high oil content. From the dynamic dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradation, corn silage contained the highest effective degradation among the local forages; wheat middling (among the by-products) degraded the fastest in DM, OM, ADF and NDF and showed the highest effective degradability. AFE inclusion was inconsistent among the forages. Alfalfa hay showed significantly increased 30 h NDF degradability and energy values, Pangola hay, Napier grass and brewer's grains showed decreased degradability and energy values. AFE inclusion increased the DM, OM and NDF degradation rate in most forage, but only increased the DM degradation rate in sorghum distiller's grains, the OM degradation rate in bean curd pomace and the NDF and ADF degradation rates in soy pomace (among the by-products).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 2019

Objective: Ensiling of tannin-rich fruit byproducts (FB) involves quantitative and qualitative changes in the tannins, which would consequently change the rumen fermentation characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate whether ensiled FBs are effective in mitigating methane emission from ruminants by conducting in vitro assessments. Methods: Fruit byproducts (grape pomace, wild grape pomace, and persimmon skin) were collected and subjected to four-week ensiling by Lactobacillus buchneri inoculant. A defined feed component with or without FB samples (both fresh and ensiled material) were subjected to in vitro anaerobic culturing using rumen fluid sampled from beef cattle, and the fermentation parameters and microbial populations were monitored. Results: Reduced methane production and a proportional change in total volatile fatty acids (especially enhanced propionate proportion) was noted in bottles containing the FBs compared with that in the control (without FB). In addition, we found lower gene copy number of archaeal 16S rRNA and considerably higher levels of one of the major fibrolytic bacteria (Fibrobacter succinogenes) in the bottles containing FBs than in the control, particularly, when it was included in a forage-based feed. However, in the following cultivation experiment, we observed that FBs failed to exhibit a significant difference in methane production with or without polyethylene glycol, implying that tannins in the FBs may not be responsible for the mitigation of methane generation. Conclusion: The results of the in vitro cultivation experiments indicated that not only the composition but also ensiling of FBs affected rumen fermentation patterns and the degree of methane generation. This is primarily because of the compositional changes in the fibrous fraction during ensiling as well as the presence of readily fermented substrates, whereas tannins in these FBs seemed to have little effect on the ruminal fermentation kinetics.