• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2012

Streptococcus pneumonia is a very important pathogen for children and elderly people. Two types of pneumococcal vaccines are available in the market: pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV) and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). PPSVs have been used for more than 30 years, and PCVs for about 10 years. There have been many reports concerning the evaluation of the vaccines' efficacies in preventing pneumococcal diseases such as meningitis, pneumonia, and otitis media and bacteremia, but the clinical trials had been performed with different conditions, such as diverse vaccine valencies, age groups, races, target outcomes, immunological cut-off values, and follow-up periods. PPSV is recommended for elderly people and chronic disease patients such as asthma, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, and hyposplenic patients. According to the data from several systemic reviews and population-based surveillances, PPSV is effective for pneumococcal pneumonia and vaccine-type bacteremia among healthy adults. Until now, however, there is insufficient evidence of the effectiveness of PPSV among high-risk adults. PCV is very effective in preventing vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among children, but its efficacy for pneumonia is very low among children. The incidence of vaccine-related or non-vaccine-type IPDs is increasing after the introduction of 7-valent PCV (PCV7) as a routine immunization for children. Recently, 10- and 13-valent PCVs have been used for children, instead of PCV7. Therefore, continuous surveillance for serotype change among pneumococcal diseases is necessary to evaluate the vaccines' efficacy.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
• /
• 제33권51호
• /
• pp.340.1-340.14
• /
• 2018

Background: Various pneumococcal vaccines have been evaluated for immunogenicity by opsonophagocytic assay (OPA). A multiplexed OPA (MOPA) for 13 pneumococcal serotypes was developed by Nahm and Burton, and expanded to 26 serotypes in 2012. The development of new conjugate vaccines with increased valence has necessitated expanded MOPAs to include these additional serotypes. In this study, we validated this expanded MOPA platform and applied to measure antibodies against 11 additional serotypes (2, 8, 9N, 10A, 11A, 12F, 15B, 17F, 20B, 22F, and 33F) in human sera. Methods: All materials, including serum, complement, bacterial master stocks, and HL-60 cells, were evaluated for assay optimization. Following optimization, the assay was validated for accuracy, specificity, and intra- and inter-assay precision with sera from adult donors following standard protocols. The assay was applied to evaluate functional antibodies of 42 sera immunized with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23). Results: The expanded MOPA platform was specific for all serotypes, with the exception of serotype 20. The assay results were highly correlated with those obtained from single-serotype OPA, indicating acceptable accuracy. The coefficients of variation were 7%-24% and 13%-39% in tests of intra- and inter-assay precision, respectively, using three quality-control samples. A MOPA that included 11 additional serotypes in the PPV23 was established and validated with respect to accuracy, specificity, and precision. The opsonic indices of immune sera were obtained using this validated assay. Conclusion: The expanded MOPA will be useful for evaluation of the immunogenicity of PPV23 and future conjugate vaccine formulations.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제48권5호
• /
• pp.506-511
• /
• 2005

목 적 : 폐구균 혈청형 6B와 6A는 폐구균 감염의 중요한 원인균이다. 6B 백신은 다당질 구조의 유사성으로 6A와 교차 면역반응을 일으키며 6B에 의해 생성된 6A에 대한 항체는 감염에서 방어 작용을 할 수 있다고 생각되고 있다. 이를 규명하기 위해 성인에게 폐구균 백신 접종 후 형성된 6B와 6A에 대한 항체의 옵소닌 작용 능력을 측정하여 교차 면역반응을 연구하였다. 방 법 : 건강한 성인 24명에게 혈청형 6B만 포함된 폐구균 다당질 백신을 접종하고 접종 전과 접종 한달 후 혈청에서 혈청형 6B와 6A에 대한 특이 항체의 옵소닌 작용 역가를 OPKA로 측정하였다. 결 과 : 6B에 대한 옵소닌 작용 역가는 백신 접종 전과 접종 후 모두 6A에 대한 역가보다 의미있게 높았다. 백신 혈청형인 6B에 대해서 뿐 아니라 교차 반응하는 혈청형인 6A에 대해 다당질 백신 접종 후 성인에서 옵소닌 작용 역가가 의미 있게 증가하였으므로 백신에 포함된 6B 다당질은 6A에 대해서 교차 방어 항체를 유도하였으나 모든 경우에 해당되지는 않았다. 1명의 성인에서 접종 후에도 계속적으로 6A에 대한 옵소닌 작용 역가가 측정되지 않았다. 결 론 : 백신에 포함된 폐구균 혈청형 6B에 대한 다당질은 혈청형 6A에 대해 대부분 교차 면역 반응을 일으켜 기능적 항체 형성을 유발하지만 드문 경우 이런 교차 면역 반응이 형성되지 않는 경우도 있다. 앞으로 이에 대한 연구가 소아와 노인 등의 다른 연령 군에서도 시행되어야 할 것이다. 또한 교차 방어 형성의 유무는 폐구균 백신의 임상 연구와 백신 사용 후 분리되는 폐구균의 혈청형 검사를 통한 임상 연구에서 직접적으로 연구되어야 할 것이다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.1-4
• /
• 2008

Immunizations are among the most cost-effective and widely used public health interventions. This is a report a revision of recommendation of immunization for children by Korean Pediatric Society. Immunization. Vaccines were divided into 4 groups. 1) Vaccines that are recommended to all infants and children (BCG, hepatitis B vaccine, DTaP, Td, Polio vaccine, Japanese encephalitis vaccine, MMR, varicella vaccine, influenza vaccine [6-23 months of age], H. influenzae type b vaccine), 2) those that can be administered to all infants and children, but decision of administration is made by parents (pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, hepatitis A vaccine, influenza vaccine [healthy children ${\geq}24$ months of age], rotavirus vaccine, human papilloma virus vaccine), 3) those that should be given to high risk group (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine [high risk patients ${\geq}24$ months of age], influenza vaccine [high risk patients ${\geq}24$ months of age], typhoid vaccine), and 4) those administered for control of outbreaks or prevention of emerging infectious diseases. Immunization schedule recommended by Korean Pediatric Society in 2008 is presented.

• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.91-104
• /
• 2024

This narrative review describes genomic characteristic, serotyping, immunogenicity, and vaccine development of Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide (CPS). CPS is a primary virulence factor of S. pneumoniae. The genomic characteristics of S. pneumoniae CPS, including the role of biosynthetic gene and genetic variation within cps (capsule polysaccharide) locus which may lead to serotype replacement are still being investigated. One hundred unique serotypes of S. pneumoniae have been identified through various methods of serotyping using phenotypic and genotypic approach. The advantages and limitations of each method are various, emphasizing the need for accurate and comprehensive serotyping for effective disease surveillance and vaccine targeting. In addition, we elaborate the critical role of CPS in vaccine development by providing an overview of immunogenicity, ongoing research of pneumococcal vaccines, and the impact on disease burden.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제56권7호
• /
• pp.286-290
• /
• 2013

Purpose: Although chronic and recurrent rhinosinusitis is prevalent in children, little is known about its causes. Here, we investigated the humoral immunity in children with chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis. Methods: We examined 16 children attending the outpatient clinic at the CHA Bundang Medical Center including 11 boys and 5 girls, aged 3-11 years (mean age, 5.6 years), who had rhinosinusitis for >3 months or >3 times per year. The complete blood count with differential and total serum concentrations of Immunoglobulin (Ig) E, IgA, IgD, IgM, IgG, and IgG subclasses ($IgG_1$, $IgG_2$, $IgG_3$, and $IgG_4$) of all children were measured. All subjects received 23-polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccination (PPV), and the levels of antibodies to 5 serologic types (4, 6B, 14, 18C, and 23F) of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antigens were measured before and after vaccination. Post-PPV antibody titers ${\geq}0.35{\mu}g/mL$ or with a ${\geq}4$-fold increase were considered as positive responses. Results: The titers of IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgM were within normal range in all 16 children, whereas the total IgE concentration was higher than normal in 2 children. $IgG_1$ deficiency was observed in 1 patient and $IgG_3$ deficiency in 3. After PPV, 1 patient failed to respond to all 5 serologic types, 2 failed to respond to 4 serologic types, and 2 failed to respond to 3 serologic types. Conclusion: Clinicians should consider the evaluation of humoral immune functions in children with chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis who do not respond to prolonged antibiotic treatment.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.97-105
• /
• 2015

목적: 폐구균의 혈청형 분석은 백신의 효능을 평가하고 감시하는데 매우 중요하다. 그러나 폐구균의 혈청형 분석이 힘들기 때문에 최근 라텍스 구슬과 흐름세포측정기를 이용한 다중구슬 혈청형 분석법이 소개되었다. 이 연구에서는 새로운 혈청형 분석법을 이화백신연구센터에서 구축하고 실제 임상 검체들에 적용해보았다. 방법: 라텍스 구슬 3종과 폐구균 피막다당 특이 단클론항체 1가지, 시동체 2종을 Univerisity of Alabama at Birmingham에서 제공 받았다. 이 시료들을 이용하여 단클론항체와 wzy 다중 PCR을 이용한 다중구슬 혈청형 분석법을 확립하였다. 그리고 75개의 혈청형이 알려져 있는 검체를 이용하여 이화백신효능연구센터에 확립된 다중구슬 혈청형 분석법의 정확도를 보았고 이를 토대로 528개의 임상 검체를 분석해 보았다. 결과: 다중구슬 혈청형 분석법은 이화백신효능연구센터에 안정적으로 확립되었다. 75종의 이미 혈청형이 알려져 있는 검체를 암호화하여 분석한 결과 전부 일치하여 정확도가 높음을 보여 주었고 실제 임상 검체에도 적용한 결과 94.3% (498/528)에서 혈청형을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론: 다중구슬 분석법은 다수의 혈청형을 쉽고 빠르게 한번에 많은 수의 검체를 확인할 수 있는 객관적인 검사 방법으로 향후 임상적 진단과 역학연구 등의 폐구균의 혈청형 분석에 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것이다.