• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.121-135
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• 1999

Effective synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole(BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT) have been widely used in the food industry, but they are suspected to be toxic and carcinogenic effects. Therefore, the development of safely available natural antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, ${\beta}$-carotene, flavonoids and selenium is essential. In particular, flavonoids, 2-phenyl-benzo-${\alpha}$-pyrones, are polyphenolic compounds that occur ubiquitously in food of plant origin. flavonoids occur in foods generally as O-glycosides with sugars bound usually at the C\ulcorner position. And variations in their heterocyclic ring gibes rise to flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavanols, catechins, anthocyanidins, chalcone and isoflavones. Vegetables, fruits, and beverages are the main dietary sources of the flavonols, primarily as quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin and the corresponding flavones, apigenin and luteolin. These flavonoids have biological activity such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antimutagenic, anticarcimogenic antiallergic and antimicrobial activity effects in vitro and in vivo. Flavonoids posses strong antioxidant activities acting as oxygen radicals scavenger, metal chelators and enzyme inhibitor. The antioxidant activity of flavonoids is determined by their molecular structure and more specially, by the position and degree of hydroxylation of the ring structure. All flavonoids with the 3`, 4`-dihydroxy(ortho-dihydroxy) posses marked antioxidant activity. And antioxidant activity increases with the number of hydroxyl groups substituted on the A-and B-rings. There is as yet no certainty about the effect of the presence of a double bond between C\ulcorner and C\ulcorner on the antioxidant activity of flavonoids.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.613-627
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• 2020

Paprika is known to contain polyphenolic compounds that have good antioxidant properties. This study was conducted to investigate the benefits of adding paprika juice of different colors to yogurt and to determine how paprika affects the quality characteristics of yogurt. Stirred yogurt samples supplemented with different levels of red, orange, or yellow paprika juice were inoculated with mixes of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. Paprika addition decreased the pH but increased titratable acidity, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts, total polyphenol content (TPC), levels of vitamin A and C, and antioxidant activity. Proteolysis and viscosity of paprika-containing yogurts were significantly higher than those of the control yogurt without paprika juice (p<0.05). In particular, the viscosity of red paprika yogurt was significantly higher than that of yogurts containing 5% orange and yellow paprika juices (each p<0.05). The antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of the yogurt containing 2.5% orange paprika juice was the highest. Storage at 4℃ for 15 days only slightly altered LAB counts, antioxidant activity, and TPC of paprika yogurt. These results indicate that paprika could be used as a natural food additive for the development of functional yogurts.

• BMB Reports
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.66-77
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• 2003

Tea is one of the most popular beverages consumed in the world and has been demonstrated to have anti-cancer activity in animal models. Research findings suggest that the polyphenolic compounds, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, found primarily in green tea, and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate, a major component of black tea, are the two most effective anti-cancer factors found in tea. Several mechanisms to explain the chemopreventive effects of tea have been presented but others and we suggest that tea components target specific cell-signaling pathways responsible for regulating cellular proliferation or apoptosis. These pathways include signal transduction pathways leading to activator protein-1 (AP-1) and/or nuclear factor kappa B(NF-${\kappa}B$ ). AP-1 and NF-${\kappa}B$ are transcription factors that are known to be extremely important in tumor promoter-induced cell transformation and tumor promotion, and both are influenced differentially by the MAP kinase pathways. The purpose of this brief review is to present recent research data from other and our laboratory focusing on the tea-induced cellular signal transduction events associated with the MAP kinase, AP-1, and NF-${\kappa}B$ pathways.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.35 no.4 s.139
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• pp.357-363
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• 2004

Flavonoids are class of polyphenolic compounds widely distributed in the plant kingdom, which display a variety of biological activities, including antiviral, antithrombotic, antiiflammatory, antihistaminic, antioxidant and free-radical scavenging abilities. To determined flavonoid, myricetin in the presence of other antioxidants - vitamin C and vitamin E - can exert antioxidative properties not only directly by modulating the AOE system but also scavenging free radical, we investigated cell viability, antioxidant enzyme activities and ROS level in B16F10 murine melanoma cell. B16F10 cells were exposed to medium containing myricetin in the presence or absence of vitamin C or vitamin E for a period of 24 hr. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. In co-treating myricetin with other antioxidants, CAT activities were increased, compared with control, but SOD and GPx activities were decreased, compared with each antioxidant treated groups . In the group of myricetin or myricetin present with other antioxidants, ROS levels were decreased dose-dependently. Especially, myricetin present of other antioxidants were decreased compared with myricetin.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.255-255
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• 1996

Flavonoids are the large class of plant-derived polyphenolic compounds with a broad spectrum of biological actions including anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti-asthmatic activities. It has been reported that quercetin and some other flavonoids inhibit the histamine release from mast cells. Disodium cromoglycate, a kind of biflavonoid, have been used as a anti-asthmatic agent. Therefore, the following study was undertaken to characterize tile structure-activity relationships of flavonoids in the inhibition of histamine release, from IgE-sensitized mast cells. Flavonoid acetate were synthesized by addition of acetic anhydride to the flavonoids dissolved in pyridine. According In the Mota method, IgE-rich serum was made in rats sensitized with Pertussis vaccine and ovalbumin. Rat abdominal mast cells were harvested and purified over tile discontineous Percoll gradients, Mast cells were preincubated in RPMI with IgE-rich serum and further incubated with flavonoids. Histamine contents released from mast cells were determined fluorospectrophotometrically after stimulation with ovalbumin. (omitted)

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.614-618
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• 2014

Resveratrol, which is a polyphenolic antioxidant, is dose-dependent when used to provide health benefits, to enhance stress resistance, and to extend lifespans. However, even though resveratrol has therapeutic benefits, its clinical therapeutic effect is limited owing to its low oral bioavailability. An Escherichia coli system was developed that contains an artificial biosynthetic pathway that produces resveratrol glucoside derivatives, such as resveratrol-3-Oglucoside (piceid) and resveratrol-4'-O-glucoside (resveratroloside), from simple carbon sources. This artificial biosynthetic pathway contains a glycosyltransferase addition (YjiC from Bacillus) with resveratrol biosynthetic genes. The produced glucoside compounds were verified through the presence of a product peak(s) and also through LC/MS analyses. The strategy used in this research demonstrates the first harnessing of E. coli for de novo synthesis of resveratrol glucoside derivatives from a simple sugar medium.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.124-130
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• 2016

To effectively remove salts from Suaeda japonica, extracts, an electrodialysis system was developed. The biological activities of non-desalted (NDS) and desalted S. japonica (DS) extracts were compared. The DS extract exhibited superior polyphenolic (6.26%) and carbohydrate (28.56%) contents. The IC₅₀ values of the DS extract against DPPH radicals and hydrogen peroxide were 0.22 and 0.68 mg/mL, respectively, which was higher than that of the NDS extract. Neither the DS nor the NDS extract was cytotoxic in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Additionally, the DS extract had a higher NO inhibitory effect compared to the NDS extract in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. These data indicate that DS extracts have greater biological activity than do ND extracts, and application of the electrodialysis process may be useful in marine bioresource applications.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.444-447
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• 2007

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful technique in molecular biology and is widely used in various fields. By amplifying DNA fragments, PCR has facilitated gene cloning procedures, as well as molecular genotyping. However, the extraction of DNA from samples often acts as a limiting step of these reactions. In particular, the extraction of PCR-compatible genomic DNA from higher plants requires complicated processes and tedious work because plant cells have rigid cell walls and contain various endogenous PCR inhibitors, including polyphenolic compounds. We recently developed a novel solution, referred to as AnyDirect, which can amplify target DNA fragments directly from whole blood without the need for DNA extraction. Here, we developed a simple lysis system that could produce an appropriate template for direct PCR with AnyDirect PCR buffer, making possible the direct amplification of DNA fragments from plant leaves. Thus, our experimental procedure provides a simple, convenient, non-hazardous, inexpensive, and rapid process for the amplification of DNA from plant tissue.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.458-463
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• 2011

The effect of subcritical water for the extraction of total polyphenols and flavonoids from apple peel was investigated, and then the antioxidant activity of the extracts was estimated. Maximum yields of total polyphenolic compounds($36.4{\pm}1.9mg$ quercetin equivalent(QE)/g dried material) and flavonoids($9.9{\pm}0.8mg$ QE/g dried material) were obtained by subcritical water extraction(SWE) with operating conditions of $190^{\circ}C$, 1,300 psi, and 20 min. Furthermore, the highest antioxidant activity($76.1{\pm}1.1%$) was observed in the extract obtained from SWE using the same conditions. The flavonoids from the SWE of apple peel were compared to three conventional extraction methods in terms of their extraction efficiency and antioxidant activity. The SWE was significantly more effective than hot water ($90^{\circ}C$), methanol, and ethanol extraction for flavonoid yield by 4.7-, 2.2-, and 1.3-fold, respectively, and for antioxidant activity by 11.0-, 4.9, and 2.8-fold, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.1580-1584
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• 2001

A study was conducted to estimate the nutritive value of some selected acacia forages using palatability index, in sacco degradability and in vitro gas production characteristics. Ten wethers (mean wt. $18{\pm}3.5kg$) were offered Acacia tortilis, Acacia nilotica, Acacia mellifera, Acacia brevispica, Acacia Senegal and Leucaena leucocephala (control) using a cafeteria system to determine the species preference by the animals. The acacia species were rich in nitrogen and showed variable palatability pattern. Significant (p<0.05) differences in relative palatability index (RPI) were detected among the species with the following ranking: brevispica > leucaena > mellifera > tortilis > Senegal > nilotica. Acacia nilotica appeared to be of low relative palatability with RPI of 24% and this was attributed to relatively high phenolic concentrations. The DM potential degradability (B) and rate of degradation (c) of the species were significantly (p<0.05) different, ranging from 40.1 to 59.1% and 0.0285 to 0.0794/h respectively. Acacia species had moderate levels of rumen undegradable protein, much higher than that in leucaena. In vitro gas production results indicated the effect of polyphenolic compounds on the fermentation rate, with lower gas production recorded from A. nilotica and tortilis. Based on RPI, A. brevispica and mellifera were superior to the rest and comparable to L. leucocephala. Long-term feeding trials are required with the superior species when used as protein supplements to poor quality diets.