• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.11-29
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• 2009

Variability of sea surface temperature (SST) in the Japan/East Sea (JES) was studied using complex empirical orthogonal function (CEOF) analysis. Two daily data sets were analyzed: (1) New Generation 0.05o-gridded SST from Tohoku University, Japan (July 2002-July 2006), and (2) 0.25o-gridded SST from the Japan Meteorological Agency (October 1993-November 2006). Linkages with wind stress curl were revealed using 6-h 1o-gridded surface zonal and meridional winds from ancillary data of the Sea- WiFS Project, a special National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) product (1998-2005). SST anomalies (SSTA) were obtained by removing the seasonal signal, estimated as the leading mode of the CEOF decomposition of the original SST. Leading CEOF modes of residual SSTA obtained from both data sets were consistent with each other and were characterized by annual, semiannual, and quasi-biennial time scales estimated with 95% statistical significance. The Semiannual Mode lagged 2 months behind the increased occurrence of the anticyclonic (AC) wind stress curl over the JES. Links to dynamic processes were investigated by numerical simulations using an oceanic model. The suggested dynamic forcings of SSTA are the inflow of subtropical water into the JES through the Korea Strait, divergence in the surface layer induced by Ekman suction, meridional shifts of the Subarctic Front in the western JES, AC eddy formation, and wind-driven strengthening/weakening of large-scale currents. Events of west-east SSTA movement were identified in July-September. The SSTA moved from the northeastern JES towards the continental coast along the path of the westward branch of the Tsushima Current at a speed consistent with the advective scale.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.2193-2199
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• 2012

A series of novel polytriazoleimides were prepared from various aromatic dianhydrides and a new kind of 1,2,3-triazole-containing aromatic diamine synthesized by the Cu (I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction in DMAc, and characterized by FT-IR, $^1H$-NMR, XRD, DSC and TGA techniques. The results show the polytriazoleimides are soluble in most of strong polar solvents and have inherent viscosity values of 0.51-0.62 dL/g(DMAc). The polytriazoleimide films exhibit a tensile strength of 62.3-104.5 MPa and an elongation at breakage of 4.0-8.1%, a glass transition temperature ($T_g$) of $257-275^{\circ}C$, a decomposition temperature (at 5% weight loss) of $350-401^{\circ}C$ in $N_2$ atmosphere, and a dielectric constant of 2.47-3.01 at 10 MHz, which depend on the structure of the polymers. The polytriazoleimides perform good resistance to acid and alkali solution.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.205-215
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• 2012

Recently, interest of offshore structure construction in South Korea is growing as the land space becomes limited for further development and the renewable energy grows to be more attractive for the replacement of the fossil energy. In order for the optimal construction of optimum offshore floating structures, development of safe and economical offshore foundation technologies is a priority. In this study, the large-deformation behavior of a suction pile, which markets are rapidly growing nowadays, is analyzed for three different loading locations (top, middle, and bottom of the suction pile) with three different displacement inclinations (displacement controlled with displacement inclinations of 0, 10, and 20 degrees from the horizontal). The behavior analysis includes quantifications of maximum resistances, translations, and rotation angles of the suction pile. The suction pile with its diameter of 10 m and height of 25 m is assumed to be embedded in clay, sand, and multi layers of subsea foundation. The soil properties of the clay, sand, and multi layers were determined based on the results of the site investigations performed in the West sea of South Korea. As analyses results, the maximum resistance was observed at the middle of the suction pile with the displacement inclination of 20 degrees, while the translations and rotations resulting from the horizontal and inclined pullouts were not significant until the horizontal components of movements at the loading points reach 1.0 m.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.1670-1680
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• 2017

Lignocellulose, composed mostly of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin generated through secondary growth of woody plant, is considered as promising resources for biofuel. In order to use lignocellulose as a biofuel, biodegradation besides high-cost chemical treatments were applied, but knowledge on the decomposition of lignocellulose occurring in a natural environment is insufficient. We analyzed the 16S rRNA gene and metagenome to understand how the lignocellulose is decomposed naturally in decayed Torreya nucifera (L) of Bija forest (Bijarim) in Gotjawal, an ecologically distinct environment. A total of 464,360 reads were obtained from 16S rRNA gene sequencing, representing diverse phyla; Proteobacteria (51%), Bacteroidetes (11%) and Actinobacteria (10%). The metagenome analysis using single molecules real-time sequencing revealed that the assembled contigs determined originated from Proteobacteria (58%) and Actinobacteria (10.3%). Carbohydrate Active enZYmes (CAZy)- and Protein families (Pfam)-based analysis showed that Proteobacteria was involved in degrading whole lignocellulose, and Actinobacteria played a role only in a part of hemicellulose degradation. Combining these results, it suggested that Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria had selective biodegradation potential for different lignocellulose substrates. Thus, it is considered that understanding of the systemic microbial degradation pathways may be a useful strategy for recycle of lignocellulosic biomass, and the microbial enzymes in Bija forest can be useful natural resources in industrial processes.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2022

Hypoxia can affect water-atmosphere methane flux by controlling the production and consumption processes of methane in coastal areas. Seasonal methane concentration and fluxes were quantified to evaluate the effects of seasonal hypoxia in Dangdong Bay (Gyeongsangnamdo, Jinhae Bay, South Korea). Sediment-water methane flux increased more than 300 times during hypoxia (normoxia and hypoxia each 6, 1900 µmol m^-2 d^-1), and water-atmospheric methane flux and bottom methane concentration increased about 2, 10 times (normoxia and hypoxia each 190, 420 µmol m^-2 d^-1; normoxia and hypoxia each 22, 230 nM). Shoaling of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in the sediments during the hypoxia (August) was confirmed by the change of the depth at which the maximum hydrogen sulfide concentration was detected. Shoaling shortens the distance between the water column and methanogenesis section to facilitate the inflow of organic matter, which can lead to an increase in methane production. In addition, since the transport distance of the generated methane to the water column is shortened, consumption of methane will be reduced. The combination of increased production and reduced consumption could increase sediment-aqueous methane flux and dissolved methane, which is thought to result in an increase in water-atmospheric methane flux. We could not observe the emission of methane accumulated during the hypoxia due to stratification, so it is possible that the estimated methane flux to the atmosphere was underestimated. In this study, the increase in methane flux in the coastal area due to hypoxia was confirmed, and the necessity of future methane production studies according to oxygen conditions in various coastal areas was demonstratedshown in the future.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.381-398
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• 1975

유기린계살충제의 안정성유지(安定性維持)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)의 일환(一環)으로 보조제(補助劑)로서의 유화제(乳化劑), 유기용제(有機溶劑), 첨가물질(添加物質)과 수분(水分), pH등(等)의 제반요인(諸般要因)들이 Fenitrothion 유제중(乳劑中)의 주성분(主成分)의 경시변화(經時變化)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 제제조성별(製劑組成別)로 실험(實驗)했고, 부가(附加)해서 제제형태별(製劑形態別)로 특정조건(特定條件)에서의 자외선조사(紫外線照射)가 주성분(主成分)의 분해율(分解率)에 미치는 영향(影響)도 아울러 검토(檢討)하였다. 본(本) 실험(實驗)에서 얻은 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 유기용제중(有機溶劑中) 무극성용제(無極性溶劑)(xylene과 benzene)가 극성용제(極性溶劑)에 비(比)하여 주성분(主成分)의 경시변화(經時變化)에 미치는 영향(影響)이 가장 적었고 같은 비(非)이온성(性) 유화제(乳化劑)이지만 alkyl계(系)인 Sorpol-1200은 sorbitan계(系) (Tween류(類))에 비(比)하여 안정성(安定性)이 월등(越等)히 높았으며, 본(本) 실험조건하(實驗條件下)에서는 유화제(乳化劑)의 pH와 수분함량(水分含量)이 미치는 영향(影響)은 근소(僅少)하였다. 2. maleic anhydride, p-toluene sulfonic acid, sulfosalicylic acid와 maleic anhydride+sulfosalicylic acid를 Fenitrothion 유제(乳劑)에 첨가(添加)했을 때는 주성분(主成分)의 분해(分解)를 억제(抑制)하는 현상(現象)을 보였으며, 이같은 산무수물(酸無水物)은 경시적(經時的) 안정성유지(安定性維持)에 효과적(效果的)이었으나, 유기산(有機酸)의 첨가(添加)는 이와 반대(反對)로 주성분(主成分)의 분해(分解)를 촉진(促進)하였다. 3. 금속분말(金屬扮末)의 유제(乳劑)에의 첨가(添加)에 따른 효과(效果)는 copper와 zinc가 주성분(主成分)의 분해(分解)를 크게 촉진(促進)하였는데, 이는 O, O-dimethyl thiophosphoric acid와 금속분말(金屬粉末)과의 친화력(親和力)에 기인(起因)하는 것으로 해석(解釋)된다. 4. 제제형태별(製劑形態別)로 자외선조사처리(紫外線照射處理)를 했을 때, 조사시간(照射時間)에 따라 주성분(主成分)의 분해율(分解率)은 증대(增大)되었으나, 다른 유기린제(有機燐劑)에 비(比)하여 안정성(安定性)이 높았고, 그 분해율(分解率)은 수화제(水和劑)>분제(粉劑)>유제(乳劑)와 같은 순위(順位)였다. 5. 관용철포농도별(慣用撤布濃度別)로 유제(乳劑)의 희석유화액(稀釋乳化液)과 수화제(水和劑)의 수화간탁액(水和懇濁液)을 자외선조사처리(紫外線照射處理)했을 때, 조사시간(照射時間)과 주성분(主成分)의 농도(濃度)에 따라 분해율(分解率)에 차이(差異)가 있었는데 피조사면(被照射面)에 있어서의 Fenitrothion의 초기함량(初期含量)이 $12{\sim}16{\gamma}/cm^2$일 때의 분해율(分解率)이 가장 높았다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 1995

To stabilize omeprazole(OMP), ethylenediamine(ED) complex of omeprazole(OMPED) was prepared by reaction between OMP and ED in methanol, and the complex formation was confirmed by the instrumental analysis, i.e., IR, DSC, EA, NMR, MS and XRD. The rates of decomposition of OMP and OMPED in aqueous solution and the shelf lives at standard temperature were measured by accelerated stability analysis. The results are summarized as follows; The mole ratio of OMP and ED in OMPED complex is 1:1, the energy of formation within OMPED might be combined between polar imidazole group of OMP with induced a dipole amine group in the readily polarizable ED molecule. At standard temperature the degradation rate constant of OMP in aqueous solution is $2.540{\times}10^{-2}\;hr^{-1}$ and the shelf life is 4.15 hrs, and in the case of OMPED the degradation rate constant is $7.986{\times}10^{-4}\;hr^{-1}$ and the shelf life is 131.96 hrs. So, the OMPED has about 31 times longer shelf life than OMP. The activation energy of OMP and OMPED are 5.23 and 18.55 kcal $mole^{-1}$ respectively. The stability of OMP is dependent chiefly on pH in the solutions and it decomposes readily in acidic medium by hydrogen ion catalized reaction but becomes stable beyond pH 9.0. In case of the ED-complex, OMPED is stable in neutral as well as in dilute acidic solutions even in pH 6, OMPED is very stable to light(UV), that is, the rate constant and shelf life of OMP are $k=1.0188{\times}10^{-2}\;day^{-1}$, $T_{90%}=4.5 \;days$, on the other hand, the those of OMPED are $k=7.138{\times}10^{-4}\;day^{-1}$, $T_{90%}=64.1\;days$, respectively. From the above results, it is thought that new dosage forms could be developed by using the OMPED as a potential OMP complex.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.477-490
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• 2003

한국 동해안 영일만 해역에서 퇴적물의 금속 함량과 공간 변화 특성을 연구하기 위해 총 27개의 표층 퇴적물을 채취하여, 입자조직, 유기탄소, 금속 원소들의 함량을 분석하였다. 연구해역애서 표층 퇴적물의 입도는 전반적으로 해안선 부근에서 조립하고 만의 중앙부에서 세립하며, 이러한 공간 변화는 해저지형과 반시계방향의 해류 패턴에 의한 것으로 해석된다. 유기탄소와 금속 원소들의 함량은 대부분 퇴적물의 입도 변화에 수반되어 니질 함량이 높은 만의 중앙부에서 높고 사질 함량이 높은 해안선 쪽으로 갈수록 낮아진다. 그러나 칼슘, 스트론튬, 칼륨의 함량은 조립한 퇴적물이 우세한 해안선 부근 퇴적물에서 높고, 몇몇 중금속(구리, 아연, 카드뮴) 함량 또한 유기물 함량이 매우 높은 구항과 형산강 입구의 퇴적물에서 높은 특징을 보인다. 상관관계 및 요인분석 결과에 의하면, 대부분의 금속 원소들의 함량과 공간 변화는 퇴적물의 입도에 의해 조절되는 것으로 보이나, 카드뮴, 구리 아연, 주석 등은 퇴적층의 무산소 환경에서 일어나는 지화학적 메카니즘이 이들의 함량과 공간 변화를 조절하는 일차적인 요인으로 제시된다. 약산추출 부분(labile fraction)의 함량과 농축비(concentration enrichment ratio) 연구결과에 의하면, 중금속 원소들의 존재 형태가 대부분 "sulfide minerals"와 관련된 것으로써, 이들의 형성과 축적이 일부 연구해역에서 중금속 오염의 주원인으로 제시된다. 한편, 칼슘과 스트론튬 경우에는 퇴적물에 함유된 패각 함량에 의해, 그리고 칼륨은 사질 퇴적물에 우세한 장석(feldspar) 광물에 의해 조절되는 것으로 해석된다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.452-460
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• 1991

메탄올-물 혼합용매 및 수용성 CTAB, SDS 용액에서 2-에틸안트라센[2-EA]과 9-페닐안트라센[9-PA]에 빛을 조사하는 동안 1,3-디페닐이소벤조푸란[DPBF]이 감소되는 것으로부터 이 반응에 단일항 산소$(^1O_2)$가 관여된다는 화학적 증거를 얻었다. 용매의 극성에 민간함 UV 분광학적 특성을 이용하여 2-EA와 9-PA의 평균미세환경의 극성을 조사하였다. 2-EA와 9-PA가 수용성 CTAB, SDS 및 Brij 35 용액에 가용화될 때 그들의 평균 미세환경은 극성이었으며, 미세환경의 극성 파라미터는 미셀의 이온성에 영향을 받지 않았다. 2-EA의 평균 미세환경의 극성은 40%(w/w) 에탄올 수용액의 극성과 비슷했으며, 9-PA의 경우는 30%(w/w)와 40%(w/w) 사이의 에탄올 수용액의 극성과 비슷했다. 이들 화학종들이 수용성 미셀용액에 가용화될 때 대부분 미셀의 표면에 분포할 것이라는 것을 알았다. 여러 용매에서 2-EA와 9-PA의 광증감능을 검토하였다. 메탄올-물 혼합용매가 수용성 미셀용액보다 광산화반응에 유리한 것으로 나타났다.