• Archives of design research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.63-97
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• 1989

There is nothing more important than the form and function in design, because every design product can be done on the basis of them. Form and Function are already existed before the word of design has been appeared and all the natural and man-made things' basic organization is based on their organic relations. The organic relations is the source of vitality which identifies the subsistance of all the objects and the evolution of living creatures has been changed their appearances by the natural law and order. Design is no exception. Design is a man-made organic thing which is developed its own way according to the purposed aim and given situations. If so, what is the ultimate goal of design. It is without saying that the goal is to make every effort to contribute to the -human beings most desirable life by the designer who is devoting himself to their convenience and well-being. Therefore, the designer can be called the man of rich life practitioner. This word implies a lot of meanings since the essence of design is improving the guality of life by the man-made things which are created by the designer. Also, the things are existed through the relations between form and function, and the things can keep their value when they are answered to the right purpose. In design, thus, it is to be a main concern how to create valuable things and to use them in the right way, and the subject of study is focused on the designer's outlook of value and uk relations between form and function. Christopher Alexander mentioned the importance of form as follows. The ultimate object of design is form. Every design problem begins with an effort to achieve fittness between the form and its context. The form is the solution to the problem: the context defmes the problem. In other words, when we speak of design, the real object of discussion is not form alone, but the ensemble comprising the form and its context. Good fit is a desirable property of this ensemble which relates to some particular division of the ensemble into form and context. Max Bill mainatined how important form is in design. Form represents a self-contained concept, and its embodiment in an object results in that object becoming a work of art. Futhermore, this explains why we use form so freguently in a comparative sense for determining whether one thing is less or more beautiful than another, and why the ideal of absolute beauty is always the standard by which we appraise form, and through form, art itself. Hence form has became synonymous with beauty. On the other hand, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy stated the importance of function as follows. Function means the task an object is designed to fulfill the task instrument is shaping the form. Unfortunately, this principle was not appreciated at the same time but through the endeavors of Frank Lloyd Wright and of the Bauhaus group and its many collegues in Europe, the idea of functionalism became the keynote of the twenites. Functionalism soon became a cheap slogan, however, and its original meaning blurred. It is neccessary to reexamine it in the light of present circumstances. Charles William Eliot expressed his idea on the relations between function and beauty. Beauty often results chiefly from fittness: indeed it is easy to manitain that nothing is fair except what is fit its uses or functions. If the function of the product of a machine be useful and valuable, an the machine be eminently fit for its function, it conspicuously has the beauty of fittness. A locomotive or a steamship has the same sort of beauty, derived from the supreme fittness for its function. As functions vary, so will those beauty..vary. However, it is impossible to study form and function in separate beings. Function can't be existed without form, and without function, form is nothing. In other words, form is a function's container, and function is content in form. It can be said that, therefore, the form and function are indispensable and commensal individuals which have coetemal relations. From the different point of view, sometimes, one is more emphasized than the other, but in this case, the logic is only accepted on the assumption of recognizing the importance of the other's entity. The fact can be proved what Frank Hoyd wright said that form and function are one. In spite of that, the form and function should be considered as independent indivisuals, because they are too important to be treated just as the simple single one. Form and function have flexible properties to the context. In other words, the context plays a role as the barometer to define the form and function, also which implies every meaning of surroun'||'&'||'not;dings. Thus, design is formed under the influence of situations. Situations are dynamic, like the design process itself, in which fixed focus can be cripping. Moreover, situations control over making the good design. Judging from the respect, I defined the good design in my thesis An Analytic Research on Desigh Ethic, "good design is to solve the problem by the most proper way in the situations." Situations are changeable, and so is design. There is no progress without change, but change is not neccessarily progress. It is highly desirable that there changes be beneficial to mankind. Our main problem is to be able to discriminate between that which should be discarded and that which should be kept, built upon, and improved. Form and Function are no exception. The practical function gives birth to the inevitable form and the $$\mu$ti-classified function is delivered to the varieties of form. All of these are depended upon changeable situations. That is precisely the situations of "situation de'||'&'||'not;sign", the concept of moving from the design of things to the design of the circumstances in which things are used. From this point of view, the core of form and function is depended upon how the designer can manage it efficiently in given situations. That is to say that the creativity designer plays an important role to fulfill the purpose. Generally speaking, creativity is the organization of a concept in response to a human need-a solution that is both satisfying and innovative. In order to meet human needs, creative design activities require a special intuitive insight which is set into motion by purposeful imagination. Therefore, creativity is the most essential quality of every designer. In addition, designers share with other creative people a compulsive ingenuity and a passion for imaginative solutions which will meet their criteria for excellence. Ultimately, it is said that the form and function is the matter which belongs to the desire of creative designers who constantly try to bring new thing into being to create new things. In accordance with that the main puppose of this thesis is to catch every meaning of the form and function and to close analyze their relations for the promotion of understanding and devising practical application to gradual progression in design. The thesis is composed of four parts: Introduction, Form, Function and Conclusion. Introduction, the purpose and background of the research are presented. In Chapter I, orgin of form, perception of form, and classification of form are studied. In Chapter II, generation of function, development of function, and diversification of function are considered. Conclusion, some concluding words are mentioned.ioned.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this research was to establish the effect and variation in differing convergence angle and length of abutment on the retention of full veneer casted gold crown. Materials and methods: Two different length,5 mm and 10 mm in height with convergence angles of 5, 10, 15 and 25 degrees crowns were fabricated. Cementation was done using cements; zinc phosphate cement (Fleck's zinc phosphate cement), resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Vitremer) and resin cement (Panavia 21). These were tested for tensile force at the point of separation by using Instron Universal Testing Machine. Statistical analysis was done by SAS 6.04 package. Results: In all cements the mean retention decreased with significant difference on increase of convergence angle (P<.05). Increase in every 5 degree-convergence angel the retention rate decreased with resin-modified glass ionomer cement of 15.9% and resin cement of 14.8%. With zinc phosphate cement, there was largest decreasing rate of mean retention of 25.5% between convergence angles from 5 degree to 10 degree. When the crown length increased from 5 mm to 10 mm, the retention increased with the significant difference in the same convergence angle and in all types of cement used (P<.05). Conclusion: The retention was strongly dependent on geometric factors of abutment. Much care is required in choosing cements for an optimal retention in abutments with different convergence angles and crown lengths.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.143-159
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• 2017

Due to the rapid development of IT in recent years, not only personal information but also the key technologies and information leakage that companies have are becoming important issues. For the enterprise, the core technology that the company possesses is a very important part for the survival of the enterprise and for the continuous competitive advantage. Recently, there have been many cases of technical infringement. Technology leaks not only cause tremendous financial losses such as falling stock prices for companies, but they also have a negative impact on corporate reputation and delays in corporate development. In the case of SMEs, where core technology is an important part of the enterprise, compared to large corporations, the preparation for technological leakage can be seen as an indispensable factor in the existence of the enterprise. As the necessity and importance of Information Security Management (ISM) is emerging, it is necessary to check and prepare for the threat of technology infringement early in the enterprise. Nevertheless, previous studies have shown that the majority of policy alternatives are represented by about 90%. As a research method, literature analysis accounted for 76% and empirical and statistical analysis accounted for a relatively low rate of 16%. For this reason, it is necessary to study the management model and prediction model to prevent leakage of technology to meet the characteristics of SMEs. In this study, before analyzing the empirical analysis, we divided the technical characteristics from the technology value perspective and the organizational factor from the technology control point based on many previous researches related to the factors affecting the technology leakage. A total of 12 related variables were selected for the two factors, and the analysis was performed with these variables. In this study, we use three - year data of "Small and Medium Enterprise Technical Statistics Survey" conducted by the Small and Medium Business Administration. Analysis data includes 30 industries based on KSIC-based 2-digit classification, and the number of companies affected by technology leakage is 415 over 3 years. Through this data, we conducted a randomized sampling in the same industry based on the KSIC in the same year, and compared with the companies (n = 415) and the unaffected firms (n = 415) 1:1 Corresponding samples were prepared and analyzed. In this research, we will conduct an empirical analysis to search for factors influencing technology leakage, and propose an early warning system through data mining. Specifically, in this study, based on the questionnaire survey of SMEs conducted by the Small and Medium Business Administration (SME), we classified the factors that affect the technology leakage of SMEs into two factors(Technology Characteristics, Organization Characteristics). And we propose a model that informs the possibility of technical infringement by using Support Vector Machine(SVM) which is one of the various techniques of data mining based on the proven factors through statistical analysis. Unlike previous studies, this study focused on the cases of various industries in many years, and it can be pointed out that the artificial intelligence model was developed through this study. In addition, since the factors are derived empirically according to the actual leakage of SME technology leakage, it will be possible to suggest to policy makers which companies should be managed from the viewpoint of technology protection. Finally, it is expected that the early warning model on the possibility of technology leakage proposed in this study will provide an opportunity to prevent technology Leakage from the viewpoint of enterprise and government in advance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• autumn
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• pp.180-185
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• 2003

The increase of traffic over a bridge has been emerged as one of the most severe problems in view of bridge maintenance, since the load effect caused by the vehicle passage over the bridge has brought out a long-term damage to bridge structure, and it is nearly impossible to maintain operational serviceability of bridge to user's satisfactory level without any concern on bridge maintenance at the phase of completion. Moreover, bridge maintenance operation should be performed by regular inspection over the bridge to prevent structural malfunction or unexpected accidents front breaking out by monitoring on cracks or deformations during service. Therefore, technical breakthrough related to this uninterested field of bridge maintenance leading the public to the turning point of recognition is desperately needed. This study has the aim of development on automated inspection system to lower surface of bridge superstructures to replace the conventional system of bridge inspection with the naked eye, where the monitoring staff is directly on board to refractive or other type of maintenance .vehicles, with which it is expected that we can solve the problems essentially where the results of inspection are varied to change with subjective manlier from monitoring staff, increase stabilities in safety during the inspection, and make contribution to construct data base by providing objective and quantitative data and materials through image processing method over data captured by cameras. By this system it is also expected that objective estimation over the right time of maintenance and reinforcement work will lead enormous decrease in maintenance cost.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.65-74
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• 2019

Purpose: Recently, A Catcher was added to prevent sagging in Radixact^® X9. In this study, We quantitatively compared general couch of Tomo-HDA^® with catcher couch of Radixact^® X9 using the human phantom and evaluated usefulness of catcher. Materials and methods: We used rando phantom for phantom study and set the each iso-center of head and neck region and Pelvis region for region parameter. Furthermore, We used hand made low melting point alloys for weight parameter. MVCT(Mega Voltage Computed Tomography) images were acquired for vertical error and rotation(pitch) error measurement increasing weight(A: 15kg, A+B: 30kg, A+B+C: 45kg). We selected 120 patients who has been treated using Tomotherpy machine for patient study. 60 patients has been treated in Tomo-HDA^® and the other 60 patients treated in Radixact^® X9. In the patient study methods, vertical error and rotation(pitch) error was measured for mean value calculation using MVCT images acquired on first day of radiation therapy. Result: Result of phantom study, Vertical error and rotation(pitch) error was increased proportionally increased as the weight increases in general couch of Tomo-HDA^®. each maximum value was 7.52mm, 0.38° in head and neck region and 11.94mm, 0.92° in pelvis region. However, We could confirm that there was stable error range(0.02~0.1mm, 0~0.04°) in Catcher couch of Radixact^®. Result of patient study, The head and neck region was measured 4.79mm 0.33° lower, and the pelvis region was measured 7.66mm, 0.22° lower in Catcher couch of Radixact^® X9. Conclusion: In this study, Vertical error and rotation(pitch) error was proportionally increased as the weight increases in general couch of Tomo-HDA^®. Especially, The pelvis region error was more increased than the head and neck region error. However, Vertical error and rotation(pitch) error was regularly generated regardless of weight or regions in Catcher^TM couch of Radixact^® X9 that this study's purpose. In conclusion, Catcher^TM couch of Radixact^® X9 can minimize mechanical error that couch sagging. Furthermore, The pelvis region is more efficiency than head and neck region. In radiation therapy using Tomotherapy machine, it is regarded that may contribute to minimizing unadjusted pitch error due to characters of Tomotherapy.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 1973

The purpose of this studies is to improve the cohesion of raw silk through various analyses on cocoon drying, cooking, reeling, re-reeling, and on the properties of water. Also we investigated the correlation between silk testing items which we have reached to the following results. 1. Drying of cocoon When cocoons were slowly dried with 100$^{\circ}C$, the results of cohesion became much better. On the other hand, the results were considerably decreased in case the temperature with 115$^{\circ}C$. 2. Cooking of cocoon In case of the cooking of cocoon, we found that the result of cohesion was best with incomplete cooking, that of the control was next, while in over cooking, the results were very low. Also the results of cohesion were much better when using the method of over cooking with sericin arrestive agent than that of incomplete cooking with sericin agglutinating agent. 3. Reeling of cocoon A) When the temperature of reeling bath was 25-45$^{\circ}C$, the results of cohesion test were much better, but at the temperature below 25$^{\circ}C$ or above 45$^{\circ}C$, the results became worse. B) With out the process of croissieur, the results of cohesion were too bad, but in case of croissieur more than 1cm, cohesion became better rapidly. Further more, we understood that the results of cohesion were improving slightly with longer length of croissieur. C) When the velocity of reeling was increased, the results of cohesion also improved. The best results were shown when reeling velocity was 180-220 r.p.m. But when the velocity was increased more than 220 r.p.m., the results of cohesion got worse more or less. D) When the temperature of the drying pipe in reeling machine was raised, the results of cohesion also showed a tendency to improve. 4. Re-reeling A) We could net reach a conclusion as to have correlation between the number of dipping repeat in vacuum tank and the results of cohesion before re-reeling process. B) When we used Seracol 500 as an agglutination protective agent with l/1000 to l/2000 of water, the results of cohesion test were better. C) When we used Pearl-lite as an agglutination protective agent with 1/1000 to 1/2000 of water, the results of cohesion were considerably better. D) We gained tile best results when used Cohesion Improving Chemical, A-80, with 500-1500 times diluted. 1) Results of cohesion was improved when humidity was low or temperature was high in the rereeling machine. 5. Filature water A) The water pH near the isoelectric point of protein showed the best cohesion, but the farther water pH, the worser results were obtained. B) With the increasing of M-alkalinity in filature water, the results of cohesion were worse. Above all, we understood the tendency of the results of cohesion get worse when the M-alkalinity is increased above 200 ppm. C) By increasing the total hardness of the filature water, it improved the results of cohesion. Especially, when the total hardness was above 300ppm, the results were extremely high. 6. Effects combination of each results A) The result of effects combination in filature processes with the obtained best conditions was distinctively improved. But the results could not reach in mathematicaly double effect. When reelied under worse conditions, the results of cohesion test were too bad. There was "effect limit" for the promotion. B) Generally the results of cohesion were bad when the filature conditions(the temperature, pressure and the properties of water, etc) are processed as sericin loss to be high. On the other hand, the results were very good when lower sericin loss was controlled in filature conditions. C) When filature conditions such as reeling velocity and croissieur length provide pysical cohesion ability and when raw silk dry fast during reeling and re-reeling, we found the result of cohesion was better. 7. Correlation of silk testing items. A) A negative correlation exists between the results of cohesion test and cleanness defect. Another word, the result of cohesion test was found to be worse as cleanness defect increased. B) In cleanness, cohesion has negative correlation against the number of slugs, but we could not find any correlation against long loops, loose ends. C) Cohesion has negative correlation against average neatness and low neatness defect. The better the results of neatness respectively, the better the results of cohesion found. D) There is no correlation between tenacity and the results of cohesion test, but there was high positive correlation between the results of elongation and those of cohesion test. The more elongation, the better the results of cohesion was found.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.41
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• pp.279-306
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• 2015

This paper is a study of the changing nature of software for virtual Cyborg self and the virtual body that occur in the game from a philosophical point of view. Looking broadly, the cyborg concept refers to the combination of man and machine. Specifically, there is a hardware cyborg organism to combine human and restoration of machine In addition, there is software cyborg by electronic the human brain of converting a virtual body. Virtual games are cases software-Cyborg applied. In the game , There seems to have characteristics of virtual body and ego that different from general cyborg meaning. To analyze the features, I applied the concept of software-cyborg of Hans morabek and the multiple selves in cyberspace properties of Kim Sun-Hee. generally, software cyborg cloning the brain type tended to invalidate the body due to the nature of the virtual world. But If you look at third-person's view and the game character that made from real actors, it is pursuing the realism of photographic images and it stressed the need for a virtual body in order to maintain the psychological identity of the player. And, The game player crosses the eight characters to choose while completing the mission. This is a big role in the reality ego leads to the desired final ending with the selection and experience to be experienced as self-replication to multiple. These cyber multi-ego looks for an active and positive features compared to the multi-ego in the real world and highlights the advantages of the software cyborg. Game The characteristics of the final result varies depending on the selection of the player. The life and death of a friend is determined by the relationship between the characters friendship. In this case, the virtual self is empirically through trial and error, moral, and try to select the desired setting the standard for intuitive and self own choice. Also It can be fused to the knowledge of multiple selves as one step is formed by a high spiritual introspection. This process is a positive interpretation of the world and their own forms of mental reflection through self-overcoming human, Nietzsche is said that the process is Wibeomenswi.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2015

In this paper, we verify the optimal topology design for heat conduction problems in steady stated which is obtained numerically using the adjoint design sensitivity analysis(DSA) method. In adjoint variable method(AVM), the already factorized system matrix is utilized to obtain the adjoint solution so that its computation cost is trivial for the sensitivity. For the topology optimization, the design variables are parameterized into normalized bulk material densities. The objective function and constraint are the thermal compliance of the structure and the allowable volume, respectively. For the experimental validation of the optimal topology design, we compare the results with those that have identical volume but designed intuitively using a thermal imaging camera. To manufacture the optimal design, we apply a simple numerical method to convert it into point cloud data and perform CAD modeling using commercial reverse engineering software. Based on the CAD model, we manufacture the optimal topology design by CNC.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.571-575
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• 2019

Fungal occurrence during production of dried red pepper was investigated using red pepper samples collected at harvest, before and after washing, and before, during or after drying. Fungal incidence was evaluated by counting the number of fungal colonies grown after incubating random pepper cuts on potato dextrose agar plates. Washing with ground water had no significant effect on reduction of fungal contamination. Fungal increase was observed in some samples, and the insides of washer and containers were contaminated with fungi. Drying caused significant fungal increase regardless of drying method although the fungal incidence after machine drying was lower than that after greenhouse drying. Fungal increase was observed in the samples being dried in a greenhouse and some mycotoxigenic species were also detected. Therefore, the most important control point for fungal contamination during dried pepper production appears to be the drying process, especially in a greenhouse.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.405-420
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• 2003

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare the fracture resistance of the IPS Empress ceramic crown with 1.0mm width rounded shoulder, which is usually recommended in all ceramic crown. and 0.5mm width chamfer finish lines on the maxillary central incisor. Material and method : After 15 metal dies were made for each group, the IPS Empress all ceramic crowns were fabricated and cemented with resin cement(Bistite resin cement, Tokuyama Soda Co. LTD., Japan) on the metal die. The cemented crowns were mounted on the positioning jig and the universal testing machine(Zwick Z020, Zwick Co. Germany)was used to measure the fracture strength with loading on the incisal edge. And also, three-dimensional finite element stress analysis was used to measure the stress distribution with the various types of the finish lines(1.0mm width rounded shoulder, 0.5mm width chamfer), the loading site(incisal edge, incisal $\frac{1}{3}$) and the type of loading(concentration loading, distribution loading). Results and conclusion : 1. In the fracture resistance experiment according to the finish line, the mean fracture strength of rounded shoulder(876N) and the mean fracture strength of chamfer(882N) did not skew any significant difference between each other(p>0.05). 2. The stress distribution of all ceramic crown in three dimensional finite element analysis showed concentration aspect at loading point and cervical area or labial surface. 3. In metal die, there were no differences in stress distribution between finish lines, but in natural teeth model, chamfer finish line showed higher stress than rounded shoulder finish line. 4. When force was loaded on the incisal edge the stress was concentrated on the incisal edge and the cervical area of labial surface. When force was loaded on the incisal $\frac{1}{3}$, the stress concentrated on the cervical area of labial surface and the cingulum area. 5. Generally, natural teeth model showed higher and various stress than the metal die.