• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.67-105
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• 2024

This study compares the quartzites of four quartzite units: The Fagfog Quartzite, Dunga Quartzite (member of the Robang Formation), Pandrang Quartzite (member of the Kalitar Formation) and the Chisapani Quartzite. The analysis shows variations in flakiness and elongation, as the Fagfog Quartzite displays low flakiness whereas the Pandrang and the Chisapani have moderate and the Dunga Quartzite has shown variations. The density values of the four quartzite units remain consistent, indicating uniform physical properties and porosity levels. However, bulk density values differ among the quartzites, suggesting variations in particle arrangement, porosity, and density. Regarding strength measures, the Pandrang and the Chisapani Quartzite have higher strength characteristics as compared to the Fagfog and the Dunga Quartzites. The Pandrang Quartzite has the highest average point load strength index, classifying it as "Extremely Strong". The resistance to impact and crushing forces varies among the quartzites, with lower Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) and Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) indicating higher strength and durability. Durability tests show that the Fagfog Quartzite has high durability against slaking, with a slight decrease observed after the fifth cycle. The Dunga Quartzite shows varying degrees of weathering, while the Pandrang and the Chisapani Quartzite have minimal weight changes, indicating strong resistance to weathering. Magnesium sulfate soundness tests indicate high durability and resistance to degradation for all four units. The Los Angeles abrasion value (LAAV) tests indicate favorable resistance to abrasion for the majority of the Fagfog, Dunga, and the Pandrang Quartzites samples, while Chisapani Quartzite shows more variability in LAAV values. The Pandrang Quartzite shows a higher proportion of elongated particles but lower flakiness index values as compared to Fagfog and Dunga Quartzites while Chisapani Quartzite stands out with a significantly higher presence of flaky particles and lower elongation index values. Mechanically, the Fagfog and Dunga Quartzite show higher strength and better resistance to abrasion and freeze and thaw. The Pandrang Quartzite shows moderate resistance to crushing and sudden effect, while the Chisapani Quartzite has variable resistance to effect. This comparative study emphasizes the diversity and complexity of quartzite rock types, showing the need for comprehensive characterization and assessment to determine their suitability for specific applications.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.48 no.10
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• pp.1190-1197
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• 1999

The management of power factor(PF) in the distribution line is treated according to the measurement a month about the feeder unit at the substation. In Korea, we have not researched into power factor in distribution system due to it's less weight. The reactive power in advanced countries is controlled automatically by the compensative condenser switch on/off under the monitoring. This paper first presents the optimal condenser position and proper capacity by lagrangue factor ${\lambda}_{Q}$ which is the line loss index about reactive power unit. Therefore, the largest ${\lambda}_{Q}$ node is the condenser injection point and we find out the best condenser capacity when the line loss is saturated by the moderation of condenser volume. By this method, we suggest 0.6% uprising PF by injection of 15 kVA condenser. Additionally, PF is analysed into 5 areas; large city, middle city, small city, farm village, fishing village by the use of Power Platform which is classified the same concept of the low load management in KEPCO. Two feeders of each area are selected by the worst results of PF in specified areas.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.749-755
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• 2011

Objective: The purpose of this study is to assess the reducing effect of workload on developed electro-motion scissors. Methods: To achieve this, we measured the pressure distribution, Joint angle of fingers and JSI(Job Strain Index) for electro-motion scissors and hand-operated scissor in objective assessment and surveyed the uncomfortable degree in subjective assessment. Results: As a result, The peak of pressure in the electro-motion scissors was generally lower than the hand-operated scissors. JSI and overall joint angle of fingers for the electro-motion scissors were remarkably lower than the hand-operated scissors. Also, the subjective uncomfortable degree showed that the uncomfortable point of electro-motion scissors were generally lower than the hand operated scissors. Conclusion: The impact of reducing the work load as well as distributing the pressure around the hand by using electro-motion scissors during grapes pinching was confirmed.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.51-67
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• 2023

In this research, the degradation rate of physical properties of the Angouran pit bedrock (calc-schist) is first investigated under the specific numbers of freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles. Then, the durability of calc-schist specimens against the F-T cycle number (N) is examined considering the mechanical parameters, and using the decay function and half-time techniques. For this purpose, point load strength (I_S(50)), second durability index (I_d2), Brazilian tensile strength (BTS), and compressive (V_P) and shear (V_S) wave velocities of calc-schist specimens are measured after 0, 7, 15, 40, and 75 N. For comparing the degradation rate of mechanical properties of available rock types on the Angouran mine walls, these tests are also carried out on the limestone and amphibolite schist specimens beside the calc-schist. According to test results, the exponential regression models are developed between the mechanical parameters of rock specimen's and N variable. Also, the long-term durability of each rock type versus N is studied using the decay function and half-time techniques. Results indicated that the degradation rate differs for the above rock types in which amphibolite schist and calc-schist specimens have the highest and least resistance against the N, respectively. The obtained results from this study can play a key role in the optimal design of the mine's final walls.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.163-172
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• 2016

This study aimed to develop a plan for effective performance of a watershed through correct identification of a river watershed by using the flowrate of the river and water quality data, which is the basis for the establishment of the water environment policy. The target river for water quality improvement was selected based on the monitoring result for 4 water systems in Chungcheongnamdo province in the recent 3 years. The result of analysis for the distribution of discharge capacity by a pollution source group for the water quality improvement target river showed that most of the target river has a high discharge capacity in the water system for living and livestock. Analysis for the density of the total discharge capacity of the whole watershed of Chungcheongnamdo indicated that the river that needs water quality improvement has high BOD concentration and high discharge load density at the point that this river is located. Thus, for efficient watershed management through selection and concentration, Chungcheongnamdo needs to improve the target river in priority. Stepwise planning is also required to establish and execute the water quality improvement in order to satisfy said target water quality, and establish the index for the water improvement rate for its evaluation.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 2020

This paper related with the performance evaluation of mDSE-MMA adaptive equalization algorithm which is possible to reduce the distortion that occurs in nonlinear communication channel like as additive noise, intersymbol interference and fading when transmitting the QAM signal. The DSE-MMA algorithm is possible to reduce the computational load compared to the presently MMA algorithm, it has the degraded equalization performance by this. In order to improve the performance degradation of DSE-MMA, the mDSE-MMA controls the step size according to the existence of arbitrary radius circle of equalizer output is centered at transmitted symbol point. The performance of proposed mDSE-MMA algorithm were compared to present DSE-MMA using the same channel and noise environment by computer simulation. For this, the recoverd signal constellation which is the output of equalizer, residual isi and MD, MSE learning curve which is represents the convergence performance and SER were applied as performance index. As a result of simulation, the mDSE-MMA has more superior to the DSE-MMA in every performance index.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.697-726
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• 2023

Brittleness as an important property of rock plays a crucial role both in the failure process of intact rock and rock mass response to excavation in engineering geological and geotechnical projects. Generally, rock brittleness indices are calculated from the mechanical properties of rocks such as uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. These properties are generally determined from complicated, expensive and time-consuming tests in laboratory. For this reason, in the present research, an attempt has been made to predict the rock brittleness indices from simple, inexpensive, and quick laboratory test results namely dry unit weight, porosity, slake-durability index, P-wave velocity, Schmidt rebound hardness, and point load strength index using multiple linear regression, exponential regression, support vector machine (SVM) with various kernels, generating fuzzy inference system, and regression tree ensemble (RTE) with boosting framework. So, this could be considered as an innovation for the present research. For this purpose, the number of 39 rock samples including five igneous, twenty-six sedimentary, and eight metamorphic were collected from different regions of Iran. Mineralogical, physical and mechanical properties as well as five well known rock brittleness indices (i.e., B₁, B₂, B₃, B₄, and B₅) were measured for the selected rock samples before application of the above-mentioned machine learning techniques. The performance of the developed models was evaluated based on several statistical metrics such as mean square error, relative absolute error, root relative absolute error, determination coefficients, variance account for, mean absolute percentage error and standard deviation of the error. The comparison of the obtained results revealed that among the studied methods, SVM is the most suitable one for predicting B₁, B₂ and B₅, while RTE predicts B₃ and B₄ better than other methods.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.213-222
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• 2024

Determination of jointed rock mass properties plays a significant role in the design and construction of underground structures such as tunneling and mining. Rock mass classification systems such as Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Mass Index (RMi), Rock Mass Quality (Q), and deformation modulus (Em) are determined from the jointed rock masses. However, parameters of jointed rock masses can be affected by the tunnel depth below the surface due to the effect of the in situ stresses. In addition, the geomechanical properties of rocks change due to the effect of metamorphism. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to apply correlation analysis to investigate the relationships between rock mass properties and some parameters related to the depth of the tunnel studied. For this purpose, the field work consisted of determining rock mass parameters in a tunnel alignment (~7.1 km) at varying depths from 21 m to 431 m below ground surface. At the same excavation depths, thirty-seven rock types were also sampled and tested in the laboratory. Correlations were made between vertical stress and depth, horizontal/vertical stress ratio (k) and depth, k and Em, k and RMi, k and point load index (PLI), k and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS), Em and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), UCS and PLI, UCS and BTS. Relationships were significant (significance level=0.000) at the confidence interval of 95% (r = 0.77-0.88) between the data pairs for the rocks taken from depths greater than 166 m where the ratio of horizontal to vertical stress is between 0.6 and 1.2. The in-situ stress parameters affected rock mass properties as well as metamorphism which affected the geomechanical properties of rock materials by affecting the behavior of minerals and textures within rocks. This study revealed that in-situ stress parameters and metamorphism should be reviewed when tunnel studies are carried out.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.709-725
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• 2006

In this paper the buckling and post-buckling behavior of slender bars under self-weight are studied. In order to study the post-buckling behavior of the bar, a geometrically exact formulation for the non-linear analysis of uni-directional structural elements is presented, considering arbitrary load distribution and boundary conditions. From this formulation one obtains a set of first-order coupled nonlinear equations which, together with the boundary conditions at the bar ends, form a two-point boundary value problem. This problem is solved by the simultaneous use of the Runge-Kutta integration scheme and the Newton-Raphson method. By virtue of a continuation algorithm, accurate solutions can be obtained for a variety of stability problems exhibiting either limit point or bifurcational-type buckling. Using this formulation, a detailed parametric analysis is conducted in order to study the buckling and post-buckling behavior of slender bars under self-weight, including the influence of boundary conditions on the stability and large deflection behavior of the bar. In order to evaluate the quality and accuracy of the results, an experimental analysis was conducted considering a clamped-free thin-walled metal bar. As this kind of structure presents a high index of slenderness, its answers could be affected by the introduction of conventional sensors. In this paper, an experimental methodology was developed, allowing the measurement of static or dynamic displacements without making contact with the structure, using digital image processing techniques. The proposed experimental procedure can be used to a wide class of problems involving large deflections and deformations. The experimental buckling and post-buckling behavior compared favorably with the theoretical and numerical results.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.187-201
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• 2019

This study examined the physicochemical water quality and evaluated the ecological health in 14 sites of Geum River (upstream, mid-stream, and downstream) using the fish community distribution and guilds and eight multi-variable matrices of FAI (Fish Assessment Index) during June 2008-May 2009. The analysis of the water quality variables showed no significant variation in the upstream and mid-stream but a sharp variation due to the accumulation of organic matter from the point where the treated water of Gap and Miho streams flew. The analysis of physicochemical water properties showed that BOD, COD, TN, TP, Cond, and Chl-a tended to increase while DO decreased to cause eutrophication and algae development from the downstream where Miho and Gap stream merged. The analysis of fish community showed that the species richness index and species diversity index increased in the mid-stream area but decreased in the downstream area, indicating the stable ecosystem in the upper stream and the relatively unstable ecosystem in the downstream. The analysis of the species distribution showed that the dominant species were Zacco platypus that accounted for 20.9% of all fish species and Zacco koreanus that accounted for 13.1%. The analysis of the fish tolerance and feeding guild characteristics showed that the sensitive species, the insectivore species, and the aquatic species were dominant in the mid-stream point. On the other hand, contaminants from the sewage water treatment plant of Miho stream had a profound effect in the downstream to show the dominance of tolerant species, omnivorous species, and lentic species. Therefore, it is necessary to improve water quality by reducing the load of urban pollutants and to pay attention to the conservation and restoration of aquatic ecosystems.