• Journal of architectural history
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.77-90
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• 2012

The typical form of Indian Stupa, which is going to understood the gradual development and various forms at the Kushan-era Stupa. Buddhist art and architecture of the Kushan-era was influenced Gandharan Hellenistic culture of the foreign. And indigenous Indian cultures of mature was visually big change. The Kushan-era Stupa has been ten feature. First, a circular podium at typical form of the initial Stupa was constantly changed. Second, is the Stupa of the overlaps and increase podium. Third, the Stupa has been square podium. Forth, is down scale of Anda(Bokbal). Fifth, increases the Stupa and Railing smaller, and Change the position of the Torana(gateway). Sixth, changing the target of the faith, thereby a statue of Buddha has been added in the Stupa. Seventh, around the main Stupa and podium are made in a tabernacle. Eighth, the developed spokes structure was added to on the podium inside. Ninth, crosswise plan appears unlike general Stupa. This type has relevance with Tower Stupa. Tenth, the Votive Stupa was added to the temples and Apse type chaitya has been developed.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.145-149
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• 2017

Considering the various user height, we develop a low-cost multimedia electronic podium system for height adjustment. In order to recognize the user utilizes height of a single CCD camera and the ultrasonic sensor. It estimates the height from the user of the image obtained by the CCD camera. Also it uses renal region division method from the image recognition in order to effectively estimated. According to the estimated height, we implemented the control system for the height control of the electronic podium.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.172-179
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• 2010

The Sydney Opera House is built on a peninsula of rock that juts out into Sydney Harbor. The site was once a landing place for ships. Utzon, Architect, designed the theatres for the Opera House to fit the shape. The two theatres were placed side by side so that they both had extensive harbor views. The Sydney Opera House is designed the foyers to take full advantage of these sights. Because the building would be seen from all sides, even from above, it was to be a piece of sculpture. The outside was as important as the inside. The audience enters from behind the stage and walks around to the foyers overlooking the harbour. The wing and backstage areas are small because of the way the foyers wrap around the theatre. The stage is made up of large platform lifts which provide the vertical movement for changing scenery. The sets come up from the workshops below stage. The flytower fits under the largest roof shell and doesn't break the skyline. The important elements are the podium, the shells and the reminders. The podium, the huge monolithic concrete structure, contains hundreds of rooms and nearly all the technical equipment. The podium is clad with pink granite slabs and seen from the water. This design eliminated a maze of fire escape stairs and, at the same time, gave people a wonderful view of the harbour. The egg shell is remarkably strong and express the form as the symbol of the site.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.22-27
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• 2010

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.97-111
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• 2018

Buildings featuring a transfer structure can be commonly found in metropolitan cities situated in regions of lower seismicity. A transfer structure can be in the form of a rigid plate or an array of deep girders positioned at the podium level of the building to support the tower structure of the building. The anomalous increase in the shear force demand on the tower walls above the podium is a major cause for concern. Design guidance on how to quantify these adverse effects is not available. In this paper a simplified method for quantifying the increase in the shear force demand on the tower walls is presented. In view of the very limited ductile nature of this type of construction the analysis presented herein is based on linear elastic behaviour.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.106-113
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• 2012

A study on techniques to evaluate auditorium assignment visible efficiency using three-dimensional simulation. The most important thing to be considered is to ensure the visibility to the podium upon assigning auditorium of venues, classrooms or seminar rooms. However, since there are so many variables to be considered such as the form of the stage, the area and height of the stage, size of screen, and the distance and angle of the auditorium from the podium, the methods to assign auditorium are staying at the level of basic for a long time. Thus, in this study, we proposed simulation methodology to quantitatively evaluate the three-dimensional visible efficiency based on Visual Graph Analysis (VGA) theory. After analytical methodology manufactures application, it sets examples of visibility depending on location of screen, visibility depending on degree of height difference and visibility about three-dimensional Mass Zoning like a stage and verifies the efficacy. In addition, based on results, visibility expectation curve is drawn and the method to calculate the stepped height depending on necessary visibility is proposed.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.181-195
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• 2010

Coupled building control is a viable method to protect tall buildings from seismic excitation. In this study, the semi-active control of a building complex is investigated for mitigating seismic responses. The building complex is formed of one main building and one podium structure connected through Magneto-Rheological (MR) Dampers and Tuned Mass Damper. The conventional semi-active control techniques require a primary controller as a reference to determine the desired control force, and modulate the input voltage of the MR damper by comparing the desired control force. The fuzzy logic directly determines the input voltage of an MR damper from the response of the MR damper. The control performance of the proposed fuzzy control technique for the MR damper is evaluated for the control problem of a seismically-excited building complex. In this paper, a building complex that include a 14-story main building and an 8-story podium structure is applied as a numerical example to demonstrate the effectiveness of semi-active control with Magneto-Rheological dampers and its comparison with the passive control with the Tuned Mass Damper and two uncoupled buildings and hybrid semi-active control including the Tuned Mass Damper and Magneto-Rheological dampers while they are subject to the earthquake excitation. The numerical results show that semi-active control and hybrid semi-active control can significantly mitigate the seismic responses of both buildings, such as displacement and shear force responses, and fuzzy control technique can effectively mitigate the seismic response of the building complex.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.7 no.2 s.15
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• pp.29-48
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• 1998

The first Pagoda of Korea was introduced from China, and adapted from the wooden multi-storied pavilion. Also in Bronze one, multi-storied type of wooden pagoda was adapted. Bronze pagoda was used to buddhist ossuary and a kind of metalwork. Metalworks were made of gold, silver, copper, or iron by one of the methods of production-casting or hammering and decorated design of incision, raise, openwork, gold- plating or inlaying with gold and silver. Sometimes it was used as the easy carriage of Buddha image by guess. In most cases, the plan of Bronze pagoda was square and podium was one story. but in the advance of podium two-storied platform appeared. Column appeared in a symbol, so it didn't appear in a square and circular form. It means that the column was vertical member which only divided the wall. In koryo period, Gabled roof and Half-hipped roof was spreaded in public but Bronze pagoda was used to square Hipped roof. Vertical shaft over roof(上輪部), apart from body of pagoda(塔身部), was inserted on the hole above the Bokbal(覆鉢) for the balance of pagoda. And a thick iron bar put in the roof to the platform. It was sustained the balance of pagoda. The stories of pagoda were various from 3rd stories to 9, the lower stories was larger scale and the higher was smaller one.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.85-105
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• 2006

Control of structural response due to seismic excitation in a manner of coupling adjacent buildings has been actively developed, and most attention focused on those buildings of similar height. However, with the rapid development of some modern cities, multi-story buildings constructed with an auxiliary low-rise podium structure to provide extra functions to the complex become a growing construction scheme. Being inspired by the positively examined coupling control approach for buildings with similar height, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive analytical study on control effectiveness of using friction dampers to link the two buildings with significant height difference to supplement the recent experimental investigation carried out by the writers. The analytical model of a coupled building system is first developed with passive friction dampers being modeled as Coulomb friction. To highlight potential advantage of coupling the main building and podium structure with control devices that provide a lower degree of coupling, the inherent demerit of rigid-coupled configuration is then evaluated. Extensive parametric studies are finally performed. The concerned parameters influencing the design of optimal friction force and control efficiency include variety of earthquake excitation and differences in floor mass, story number as well as number of dampers installed between the two buildings. In general, the feasibility of interaction control approach applied to the complex structure for vibration reduction due to seismic excitation is supported by positive results.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.315-322
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• 2017

A modern and highly-sustainable addition to the skyline of Seoul, South Korea has been completed; the Federation of Korean Industries Headquarters (FKI). The signature saw-toothed exterior wall of the 245-meter tall tower and the contrasting smooth nature of the pipe-shell structured podium "egg" gives this project and site a unique identity in the city.