• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.720-728
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• 2001

Cercaria yamagutii Ito, 1957 (C. yamagutii) was found in Lunatia fortuni (L. fortuni) and Neverita didyma (N. didyma) collected from the tideland of Sim-po located at the estuary of the Mankyong River, Chonbuk. It was finally confirmed that the parasite is Acanthoparyphium tyosenense Yamaguti, 1939 (A. tyosenense) and its life history was clarified in this study. Mactra veneriformis (M. veneriformis) was artificially infected with C. yamagutii isolated from L. fortuni and N. didyma. It began to intrude into M. veneriformis through the inhalent canal. Five hours after infection, the tails of the cercaria began to be separated from the main body and the cercaria started to form cysts. Mature cysts were formed 340 hours (14 days) after infection. The cysts were $300\sim360{\mu}m$ in diameter and the encysted metacercarias were $790\sim800\times300\sim310{\mu}m$ in size. The metacercarias were administered orally to Larus crassiostris (L. crassiostris), and adult worms of $84.5\sim112.5\times55\sim65{\mu}m$ were found full of eggs with $2.20\~3.70$ mm long and $0.40\~0.59$ mm wide after 10 days. In a field study, it was observed that the infection rate of A. tyosenense is $99.5\%$ in M. venerifomis, $76.3\%$ Solen strictus (S. strictus), and $37\%$ Ruditapes philippinarum (R. philippinarum), No difference was found among different host sizes, It was concluded that the first intermediate hosts of A. tyosenense Yamaguti were L. fortuni, N. didyma, Tympanotonus microptera, Cerithidea (Cerithidea) largillierti, Cerithidea (Cerideopsilloa) cingulata, the second intermediate hosts M. venerifomis, S. strictus and R. philippinamn, and the final hosts L. crassiostris and Melanitta fusca stejnegeri.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 1986

This paper aims to study the reactions of lipid or oxidized lipid with protein during drying and storing hair tail fish(Trichurus lepturus) and flounder(Kanakius kitaharai) being generally consumed as dried seafood products in Korea and their influence on the drop of in vitro protein digestibility of these fish meat. The results of the study are as follows: The digestibility of the raw materials of flounder and hair tail fish was 87.63% and 86.08% respectively, and that of sundried and hot air dried materials went down $1{\sim}2$ percent with drying process. But in case of defatted and sundried materials, the rate increased 85.15% and 87.15% respectivley. After 30 days of storage, the digestibility decreased in all materials, and hot air dried meat showed a significant decrease. Trypsin indigestible substrate (TIS) contents of flounder and hair tail fish, in case of raw materials were 0.88 and 0.96mg/g. solid repectiveiy and in case of defatted and sundried materials, TIS contents showed a low increase and digestibility showed a high increase. Brown pigment formation had a wide range of increase in case of the sundried and hot air dried materials and it was increased with duration of storage and temperature. The major fatty acids in the fats of hair tail fish and flounder were $C_{18:1},\;C_{16:0},\;C_{22:6}\;and\;C_{16:1}$ and rate of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids was 79.2:20.8 for flounder, 67.8:32.2 for hair tail fish. After 30 days of storage at room temperature. saturated fatty acids increased compared with the raw materials while unsaturated fatty acids showed a tendency to decrease. Avaialble lysine of hair tail fish was higher than that of flounder and both of them lost about 8.23% of that in raw materials after 30 days of storage.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.944-955
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• 2000

Background : In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), several factors have been associated with a poor prognosis. These include old age, low $FEV_1$ low diffusing capacity, high alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference, and finally cor pulmonale. This study was done to investigate if the ECG signs suggesting cor pulmonale were independent prognostic factors in patients with COPD. Method : We analyzed ECG, pulmonary function data and arterial blood gas values in 61 patients who were admitted through the emergency department with an acute exacerbation of COPD. The ECG signs reflecting cor pulmonale were right strial overloading(RAO), right bundle branch block, right ventricular hypertrophy and low-voltage QRS. The 61 patients were divided into 2 groups ; group I with no ECG signs(n=36) and group II with one or more ECG signs(n=25) suggesting cor, pulmonale. Results : Poor, prognostic factors by univariate analysis were low $FEV_1$, $FEV_1$ % pred., VC % pred., DLco, DLco % pred., $PaO_2$ and $SaO_2$ high $PaCO_2$ presence of ECG signs reflecting cor pulmonale, presence of mental status change, use of mechanical ventilator, and long term use of glucocorticoid. A multivariate analysis indicated that age(risk ratio=1.13, 95% confidence interval 1.05-1.23), DLco % pred. (risk ratio=0,97. 95% confidence interval 0.94-0.99), $PaO_2$ (risk ratio=0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.90-0.99) and RAO(risk ratio=5.27, 95% confidence interval 1.40-19.85) were independent prognostic factors of survival. There was a significant difference in survival between the patients with and without RAO(p=0.038). The survival rates at 1, 2, and 5 years were 94.5%. 81.4%, and 50.0% in patients without RAO and 82.4%, 70.6%, and 27.5% in patients with RAO, respectively. Conclusion : These results suggest that the presence of ECG signs reflecting cor pulmonale is a predictor of survival and that RAO of these ECG signs is a significant independent predictor of survival in patients with COPD.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.309-320
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• 1997

Background : There are many suggested methods for the indirect determination of anaerobic threshold(AT) using the changes of ventilatory parameters in response to ventilatory load accompanying the increase of blood lactic acid level during exercise and the threshold derived from them is called ventilatory threshold(VT). They include ventilatory equivalent method(VEM), End-tidal $PO_2$ method($PETO_2$). V-slope method(VSM), and respiratory quotient method(RQ). But in the patients with chronic airway obstruction(CAO), the AT determined by ventilatory methods may not reflect true AT because the patients with CAO show inadequate ventilatory response to the increase of blood lactic acid level during excercise. Methods : For the investigation of detection rate and reliability of above four VT determination methods in the patients with CAO, we performed the symptom-limited and maximal incremental exercise test in 17 patients with CAO and 12 normal controls. The incremental workload was 10 W /min in CAO group and 25 W/min in control group. The reliability of VT in each group was investigated by the calculation of Spearman correlation coefficient. Results : The detection rates of VT were 100% by RQ, 91.7% by both VEM and $POETO_2$, and 83.3% by VSM in normal control group, while 94.1% by RQ, 64.7% by VEM and $PETO_2$, and 83.3% by VSM in CAO group. Good correlations were noted among VEM, $POETO_2$, and VSM except RQ in normal control group. But there was no significant correlation except between VEM and $PETO_2$ in CAO group. Conclusions : RQ is very sensitive but crude and VEM is near similar to $PETO_2$. The clinical usefulness of VT determined by ventilatory method might be limited in patients with severe CAO.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.53-57
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• 2013

A severe defoliation by typhoon in early autumn reduces fruit quality for the current season and reserve accumulations for the next season. This study was conducted to determine the effects of foliar applications during the autumn on alleviating the damages after defoliation. Leaves of 2-year-old 'Fuyu' trees, grown in 50-L pots under a rain-shelter, were 75%-defoliated on September 9. In mid-September and early October, trees were treated either with eight foliar applications of urea or with four alternating applications of urea and $KH_2PO_4$ (urea + KP application), all at 0.5% (w/v). Trees untreated after the defoliation served as the control. The urea applications slightly increased N and P concentrations of the leaves collected on November 6, while urea + KP applications significantly increased P and K concentrations. Foliar applications did not affect fruit growth, but tended to decrease skin coloration. Fruit soluble solids increased by 1.5 and $1.0^{\circ}Brix$ for urea and urea + KP applications, respectively. There was a significant increase in dry weight of fine root for the foliar application treatments but not in those of aerial woods and larger roots. With the foliar applications, N concentration tended to increase in the permanent organs but not P and K, whereas soluble sugars and starch notably increased in shoot, trunk, or fine root regardless of the different applications. Results indicated that the foliar applications could partially help to restore fruit quality and carbohydrate accumulations in the defoliated trees.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.192-199
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the artificial cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii on the optimal medium vessel, periods of cultivation and the optimal method of pinheading for both yield and quality of fruiting body were also performed. The optimal composition of sawdust medium in polypropylene(PP) bottle was combination of sawdust(70%) and corncob(30%) but increased amount of corncob delayed the period of mycelial growth. The mycelial growth and the yield of fruiting body in the medium with beat pulp were worse than that without beat pulp. The optimal composition of nutrients for both yield and quality of fruit body tuned out to be a combination of rice bran(12%), wheat bran(12%) and cottonseed cake(6%). Additions of zeolite, shell lime and bean curd dregs were not effective in mycelial growth and yield of fruit body. When testing size of PP bottle for cultivation, the larger of bottle mouth is, the more pinheading number found, but the number of available fruit body is not significantly different. The culture in $1100\;ml-{\phi}75\;mm$ bottle is the best in the yield and quality of fruit body than those in $555\;ml-{\phi}50\;mm,\;850\;ml-{\phi}58\;mm,\;850\;ml-{\phi}65\;mm\;and\;1100\;ml-{\phi}65\;mm$ bottle. Using the PP bag for cultivation, a square shaped bag was better than a round shaped and black square shaped in mycelial growth and yield of fruit body. The most suitable period of incubation was 35 days after inoculation at $22{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. When the incubation periods was decreased less than 35 days, the pileus formation and yields were very bad but a pinheading condition looked similar, For an optimal pinheading, turning upside down was better than standing and covering.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.14-28
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• 2010

By philological geography method for dismantling and reconstituting Buyeo's Palkyung(扶餘 八景), which best signify the image of ancient city Buyeo's landscape, this research is to demonstrate the fact that the place's inertia of certain historic sites has been passed down as a type of geographic code. Titled poems and retrospective poems about Buyeo's Palkyung and its spectacles and landscapes reveal the fact that the splendid and glorious cultural heritage of Baekje had faded but its traces have remained in the each eight views including Nakhwa-am(落花巖), Goran-sa(皐蘭寺), and Jayong-dae(釣龍臺). In addtion, the spectacles and historic sites of Buyeo's Palkyung appear as the symbol of Baekje's fall and loss in the poems. Thus, it can be said that Buyeo's culture and civilization have never escaped from the cultural and historical scars of Baekhe's fall, being dominated by the place's inertia originated from the identity as "Baekje'slastcapital". It is ironical that Buyeo's future development and prosperity are not free from its cultural and historical spectacles which bear the image of the fall of Baekje. 'Older Buyeos' Palkyung(扶餘舊八景)' and, Prior Buyeo's Palkyung(夫餘前八景), originate from nine views of an unknown builder and after the construction of pavilions and towers, 'Subuk-jeong eight views(水北亭八景)' by Heungguk Kim(金興國) and the eight poems of the, Retrospect of Buyeo(扶餘懷古八景), were created. 'Buyeo's later Palkyung(扶餘後八景), which are especially free from the site's inertia are known to have expanded the scope of Buyeo's landscape by deliberately demonstrating spectacles and sites different from those of existing views. Nakhwa-am, Goran-sa, Joryong-dae, Songwal-dae(送月臺), Youngwal-dae(迎月臺), and Pyungje-tap(平濟塔) are all located within a one kilometer radius of Banwol-sung(半月城), Buyeo's palace and the Baekma river(白馬江), Daewang-po(大旺浦), Busan(浮山) in a two kilometers radius. Jaon-dae(自溫臺), Subuk-jeong(水北亭), and Gyuam-jin(窺岩津) are located within a three kilometers radius. Even Chunjeong-dae(天政臺), which are located within a four kilometers radius of Banwol-sung are located alongside the Baekma river. This indicates the fact that these spectacles had not been established temporarily or impromptu but for a long period time by historic retrospect and the inertia of landscape's geographic cycle. In conclusion, the geographic phenomenon of historical and cultural inertia appeared because Buyeo had the geographic message of "fallen, ancient city". Therefore, Buyeo's Palkyung which have constant retrospective inertia is clearly an geographic code effective and helpful to understand not only the characteristics of historic sites and spectacles of Buyeo in the Sabi period but also the quality of the site itself.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.507-513
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• 2001

An effective extraction methods of a garlic were investigated in order to improve the functional properties of the extracts. The solid yield, electron donating ability (EDA), nitrite-scavenging effects (NSE), peroxide value (POV) and total thiosulfinates contents of garlic extracts were determined. In order to improve the functional properties of extracts prepared with several organic solvents and acids, concentration and pH adjustment of the selected solvent and addition of acids and salts to solvents were also examined. Among the solvents tested, the methanol and ethanol extracts were found to be the most effective on the base of functionality and solid yields. The highest EDA, NSE and thiosulfinate value were obtained with 50% ethanol. The pH control of solvent and addition of citric acid, NaCl and phosphates to 50% ethanol did not affect on the functionality of the extracts. Therefore the optimal solvent for the best functional properties of garlic extract was 50% ethanol.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.409-415
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• 1999

To evaluate the purification capacity of pollutants (COD, $PO_4^{3-}-p$, $NO_3^{-}-N$, Cu, Cd, Pb) in the three tidal flats, Eueunri, Gyewhado, Chunjangdae, the experiments were carried out with the batch reactor equipped with artifical tidal flats. Eueunri tidal flat was $98.8\%$ content of silt and clay and Chungjangdae was $97.84\%$ content of sand. The organic matters (I.L., $COD_{sed}$, POC) in Eueunri tidal flat were 2$\~$8 times higher than other tidal flats. The purification capacity of COD was 0.75 kg/ha/12 hr in Eueunri, 0.60 kg/ha/12 hr in Gyewhado and 0.55 kg/ha/12 hr in Chunjangdae. The mean purification capacity of COD in three tidal flats was 1.27 kg/ha/day. The calculated purification capacity of COD was 25.4 ton/day in the disappeared tidal flat areas (20,000 ha) of the Saemangeum reclamation. The purification capacity of phosphorus was 0.21 kg/ha/12 hr in Gyewhado, 0.39 kg/ha/12 hr in Eueunri and 0.22 kg/ha/12hr in Chunjangdae. The nitrate was 0.53, 0.74 and 0.43kg/ha/12hr, respectively. The purification capacity of heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb) were 88.9g/ha/12hr, 11.0g/ha/12hr, 1.7g/ha/12hr in Gyewhado, 89.1g/ha/12hr, 18.0g/ha/12hr, 2.6g/ha/12hr in Eueunri and 55.3g/ha/12hr, 18.0g/ha/12hr, 2.1g/ha/12hr in Chunjangdae, respectively. Accordingly, the purification capacity of pollutants in Eueunri tidal flat with high contents of organic matter were higher than other tidal flats. So, the purification capacity of pollutants were affected by physical and/or chemical characteristics of tidal flats.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.351-429
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• 1998

The Purpose of Study 1. Inspection of clinical application on TCD to CVA 2. Objective Comparement and analysis about treatment effect of Western-Medicine, Korean Medicine, Cooperative consultation of Korean and Western medicice for CVA The Subject of Study We intended for the eighty six patient of CVA who had been treated in the Oriental Medical Hospital at Dong Eui Medical Center from 1997. 8. I to 1998. 7. 31 1. View of CT, MRI : the patient of Cb infarction 2. Attack Time : The patient who coming hospital falling ill within the early one week The method of study 1. Treat four group of Korean medicine, Constitution medicine, Western medicine, cooperative consultation of Korean medicine and Western medicine. 2. Application of TCD Check the result for three times, immediatly after the attack, two months later, four months later 3. Comparative analysis of each treatment effect by clinical symptoms and pathologic examination 4. The Judgement of the patient The Result From 8/1/1997 to 7/31/1998, We have the following result by clinical analysis intended for CVA 86 patients who had been treated in the Oriental Medical Hospital at Dong Eui Medical Center from 1997. 8. 1 to 1998. 7. 31 in 1. Analysis according to Age The first stage of thirties, forties, seventies is heavier than forties, fifties in improvement and Index of improvement of symptom 2. Analysis according to sex We have no special relation in an average of symptom and improvement, Index improvement 3. Analysis according to Family History We have the better result in first stage and improvement, index improvement when no family history. 4. Analysis according to Past History We have no special relation in past history like hypertension, DM, heart problem 5. Analysis devided two group, above group and under group on the basis of the average in first stage of all patient. We have the better result when the first stage is light, that the first score of barthel index and CNS is high. 6. Analysis of the effect of treatment about Korean medical treatment, Western medical treatment, cooperative treatment. In this study, the highest group of rate of treatment at four contrast groups (Korean medicine, Constitution medicine, Western medicine, cooperative treatment according to dyagnosis and range of treatment was the patient group of doing dyagnosis and method of treatment based on constitution medicine theory. This is that of doing demostation, A-Tx, po-herb-medication according to dyagnosis and treat method of constitution of Lee Je-ma In case of left, the case of dyagnosis any disease according to doctor view but, normal in TCDwas 22-beginning of attack, 20- two weeks later, 11 case-four weeks later in case of right, 15-beginning of attack, 12-two weeks later, 9 case four weeks later. So left vessel compares to right vessel is more interference, in fact more than a 1/2 of the patients of MCA disease can't do dyagnosis. In rate of imparement, the state of pacient improved but there isn't the improved case of result in TCD. 7. In TCD dyagnosis, between the case of inconsus the doctor view specially MCA in brain blood vessel is in large numbers and in total 86's patient, impossible case of dyagnosis according to interferiance of temporal is 21 case. 7. Result study about application of Kreaan medical treatment 1) The impossible patient of observation MCA blood vescular for interference temporal bone happened in large numbers. 2) There is the case having difference result to CT,MRI, MRA result. 3) Because individual difference is large, excluding to ananalogy of symptom. This is normal numerical value that has possibility of being checked as abnormal numerical value 4) there are a lot of cases that the speed of normal part is as similarly measured as that of abnormal part. It means that we cannot judge the disease by this measure 5) It is rare that this measure represent degree of improvement in patient's condition of disease. When we observe patient's condition become better, but we have no case that the result of TCD test better. 6) The result could be appear differently by the technique of the tester or by the experience of the tester 7) In the TCD test, abnormal symptoms is checked at 0 week, but at 2th week, normal symptoms is checked, again at 4th week abnormal is checked. According to the above result, CVA diagnosis is difficult only with TCD, as it appear in diagnosis error check which is suggested in the problem connected to project, for the aged persons who have the worst hardening of part of the cranium (1998. 5. 26 77 of 83 patients is 50s) there is a lot of cases that the measurement is impossible by TCD and the correction of measurement numerical value is decreased, as the age of cerebral infarction is high, TCD is inappropriate to diagnosis equipment through this study.