• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.92-102
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• 2010

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle(PHEV) is a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) with more added battery capacity that can be recharged from the electric power grid. Plug-in battery electric vehicle(PBEV) is a pure electric vehicle that uses only electric motor using electricity from battery that recharged from the power grid. PHEV and PBEV requires recharging of batteries in the vehicles from electric power grid. Recently, PHEVs and PBEV are being developed around the world. It is important to understand how these electric vehicles affect power demands and carbon dioxide emissions. From vehicle customer viewpoint, running energy cost will be imporatnt factor to consider. This paper analyzes the potential impacts of PHEVs and PBEVs on electric power demand, and associated CO2 emissions in 2020 with an projection that the vehicles will be penetrated with 10% market share. Energy costs for the vehicles are also calculated and compared with the conventional combustion vehicle.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.471-478
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• 2011

This paper addresses the establishment of a kVA-range plug-in hybrid electrical vehicle (PHEV) integration test platform and associated issues. Advancements in battery and power electronic technology, hybrid vehicles are becoming increasingly dependent on the electrical energy provided by the batteries. Minimal or no support by the internal combustion engine may result in the vehicle being occasionally unable to recharge the batteries during highly dynamic driving that occurs in urban areas. The inability to sustain its own energy source creates a situation where the vehicle must connect to the electrical grid in order to recharge its batteries. The effects of a large penetration of electric vehicles connected into the grid are still relatively unknown. This paper presents a novel methodology that will be utilized to study the effects of PHEV charging at the sub-transmission level. The proposed test platform utilizes the power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) concept in conjunction with high-fidelity PHEV energy system simulation models. The battery, in particular, is simulated utilizing a real-time digital simulator ($RTDS^{TM}$) which generates appropriate control commands to a power electronics-based voltage amplifier that interfaces via a LC-LC-type filter to a power grid. In addition, the PHEV impact is evaluated via another power electronic converter controlled through $dSPACE^{TM}$, a rapid control systems prototyping software.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 2011.07a
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• pp.318-319
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• 2011

Many countries are concentrating on the development of electric vehicle technology with increasing concerns about the global environment. Along with these concerns, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles(PHEVs) are being developed as environment-friendly cars which reduce greenhouse gas emissions and also eliminate the problem of range anxiety associated to all-electric vehicles, because the combustion engine works as a backup when the batteries are depleted. In this paper, electric equipments of the PHEV which meet the target specifications were developed, and their performance was proven through confirmatory testing on the PHEV at Korea Automotive Technology Institute(KATECH).

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.429-436
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• 2013

Online simulations are utilized to reduce time and cost in the development and performance optimization of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and electric vehicles (EV) systems. One of the most important factors in an online simulation is the accuracy of the model. In particular, a model of a battery should accurately reflect the properties of an actual battery. However, precise dynamic modeling of high-capacity battery systems, which significantly affects the performance of a PHEV, is difficult because of its nonlinear electrochemical characteristics. In this study, a dynamic model of a high-capacity battery cell for a PHEV is developed through the extraction of the equivalent impedance parameters using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Based on the extracted parameters, a battery cell model is implemented using MATLAB/Simulink, and charging/discharging profiles are executed for comparative verification. Based on the obtained results, the model is optimized for a high-capacity battery cell for a PHEV. The simulation results show good agreement with the experimental results, thereby validating the developed model and verifying its accuracy.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.568-579
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• 2018

Virtual power plants can be regarded as systems that have entered the network after restructure of power systems. In fact, these plants are a set of consumers capable of consuming and generating power. In response to widespread implementation of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, further investigation of energy management in this type of power plants seems to be of great value. In effect, these vehicles are able to receive and inject power from/into the network. Hence, study of the effects of these vehicles on management of virtual power plants seems to be illuminative. In this paper, management of power consumption/generation in virtual power plants has been investigated in the presence of hybrid electric vehicles. The objective function of virtual power plants problem management is to minimize the overall costs including not only the costs of energy production in power generation units, fuels, and degradation of batteries of vehicles, but also the costs of purchasing electricity from the network. Furthermore, the constraints on the operational of plants, loads and hybrid vehicles, level of penalty for greenhouse gas emissions ($CO_2$ and $NO_x$) produced by power plants and vehicles, and demand response to the immediate price of market have all been attended to in the present study. GAMS/Cplex software system and sample power system have been employed to pursue computer implementation and simulation.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.566-571
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• 2011

As Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle and Electric Vehicle (PHEV/EV) take a greater share in the personal automobile market, their high penetration levels may bring potential challenges to electric utility especially at the distribution level. Thus, there is a need for the flexible charging management strategy to compromise the benefits of both PHEV/EV owners and power grid side. There are many different management methods that depend on the objective function and the constraints caused by the system. In this paper, the schema and dispatching schedule of centralized PHEV/EV charging spot network are analyzed. Also, we proposed and compared three power allocation strategies for centralized charging spot. The first strategy aims to maximize state of vehicles at plug-out time, the rest methods are equalized allocation and prioritized allocation based on vehicles SoC. The simulation results show that each run of the optimized algorithms can produce the satisfactory solutions to response properly the requirement from PHEV/EV customers.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.91-96
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• 2014

nowadays, many researches for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles have been actively carried out to improve the gas mileage in comparison with mass-produced hybrid electric vehicles. In this paper, the on-board charger for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles is studied for obtaining the high efficiency. The on-board charger consists of two phase interleaved PFC circuit and LLC resonant converter. The new design procedures of LLC resonant converter are proposed in this paper. These are very simple and powerful method. In order to verify the abovementioned contents, the LLC resonant converter is designed and tested by using PSIM tool.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.91-106
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• 2019

The demand for lithium has increased sharply due to the explosive increase in lithium secondary batteries for environment-friendly vehicles (EV: Electric Vehicle, HEV: Hybrid Electric Vehicle, PHEV: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle). Traditionally, lithium has been produced mainly from lithium-containing minerals and brine, and recently it also has been recovered along with other valuable metals by recycling cathode materials of lithium secondary batteries. In this study, we comprehensively reviewed various recovering precesses of lithium from lithium-containing substances.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.138-144
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• 2012

Recent environmental issues such as exhaust gas and greenhouse effect make the agricultural machinery market takes into account the hybrid and electric propulsion technology used in automotive engineering. Generally the agricultural machinery, particularly an agricultural tractor, needs large load capacity and long continuous operating time comparing with conventional vehicles. In case of a pure electric tractor, it is necessary for considering large capacity batteries and long charging time. Therefore we take an AER extended PHEV (All Electric Range extended Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) power transmission system in developing an electric tractor in this study. First we propose a PHEV powertrain structure in order to substitute the conventional diesel engine equipped tractor. And we performed the road tests using a conventional mechanical tractor with various load conditions, which were classified and statistically treated real agricultural works. The test results were analysed with respect to the power characteristics of the power source. Finally using the test result, we designed two-stepped reduction gear ratios in the proposed an electric tractor powertrain for carrying out typical agricultural works.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.490-498
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• 2011

This paper presents a novel analysis, design, and implementation of a battery charging three-phase high frequency semi-controlled power converter feasible for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. The main advantages of the proposed topology include high efficiency; due to lower power losses and reduced number of switching elements, high output power density realization, and reduced passive component ratings proportionally to the frequency. Additional advantages also include grid economic utilization by insuring unity power factor operation under different possible conditions and robustness since short-circuit through a leg is not possible. A high but acceptable total harmonic distortion of the generator currents is introduced in the proposed topology which can be viewed as a minor disadvantage when compared to traditional boost rectifiers. A hysteresis control algorithm is proposed to achieve lower current harmonic distortion for the rectifier operation. The rectifier topology concept, the principle of operation, and control scheme are presented. Additionally, a dc-dc converter is also employed in the rectifier-battery connection. Test results on 50-kHz power converter system are presented and discussed to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed topology for PHEV applications.