• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.31-35
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• 2002

Background and Objectives : Salivary gland neoplasms are unique because of their infrequency, inconsistent classification, and highly variable biologic behavior. The aim of this study is to analysis the histopathologic classification of salivary glnad neoplasm and to suggest a guideline of management. Materials and Methods : The medical records of 310 patients with salivary gland neoplasm who treated at Asan medical center between 1992 and 2001 were analyzed retrospectively. Among the 310 patients, 138 patients were male and 172 patients were female. Mean age was 50.5 years. Results : Benign salivary neoplasms were 213 cases. They consisted of 153 cases (71.8%) of parotid tumor, 41 cases (19.2%) of submandibular gland tumor and 19 cases (8.9%) of minor salivary gland tumor. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most common benign neoplasm. Malignant salivary neoplasms were 97 cases. They consisted of 45 cases (46.4%) of parotid tumor, 26 cases(26.8%) of minor salivary gland tumor, 24 cases(24.7%) of submandibular gland tumor and 2 cases(2.1%) of sublingual gland tumor. Adenoid cystic carcinoma was the most common malignant neoplasm. Conclusions : The most commonly involved gland was parotid (64%) and the most frequent tumor was pleomorphic adenoma (52%). Although the majority of minor salivary gland neoplasms are malignant, three of parotid tumors are benign.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 1991

This is three case-reports of pleomorphic adenomas arising from one parotid gland and two minor salivary glands treated by total parotidectomy and complete enucleation. We conclude as follows : 1. During the parotidectomy, we tried to preserve the facial nerve by retrograde approach to the trunk from the mandibular branch where it passes over the posterior facial vein. Although the paresis of the lower lip following the operation was seen, it disappeared in about 3 months. 2. Microscopically, the tumor of the first patient (case 1) contained equally myxoid and cellular components and showed well encapsulation. 3. In the second patient (case 2), the tumor revealed large areas of hemorrhage, cystic change, dystrophic calcification and stromal hyalinization, but no definite evidence of carcinoma, therefore we labeled this tumer as "atypical mixed tumor". 4. In the third patient (case 3), the tumor showed principally myxoid component and incomplete capsule, but the tumor was well demarcated.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.309-316
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• 1991

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of late adult life. This tumor occurs principally as a mass on an extremity or in the abdominal cavity or retroperitoneum of adult but primary pulmonary MFH is rare. MFH may be subclassified into storiform-pleomorphic, myxoid, giant cell, inflammatory, and angiomatoid type and the prognosis is no different among the histologic subtypes. We experienced one patient who was consistent with primary MFH of the lung. The patient complained dyspnea and intermittent hemoptysis and showed bilateral suprahilar mass on simple chest film and chest CT. Histological findings by open lung biopsy was storiform-pleomorphic type and individual cells showed histiocyte-like and fibroblast-like appearance.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 1999

Angiosarcomas are rare tumors, seen most commonly in the skin and soft tissue of head and neck legion. But it has been described in numerous body sites including thyroid, breast, liver, spleen, bone, etc.. Their biological behaviors depend on the microscopic grade, site of origin, and multifocality. We report the unique cytological features of an angiosarcoma in pleural fluid. A 61-year-old woman presented with a 6 month history of dyspnea on exertion and chest pain. Chest computerized tomography(CT) revealed multiple subpleural small nodules in the right lung and widespread all space consolidation and pleural effusion in the left lung. CT of liver revealed multiple small low attenuated lesion. The smears obtained from pleural fluid showed hypocellularity with a hemorrhagic background. The tumor cells were highly pleomorphic oval or spindle in shape and presented singly, in loose groups, in knitted syncytial aggregates, and in acinar pattern. Their nuclei had vesicular chromatin with delineated, thick nuclear membranes and occasionally a large eosinophilic, prominent nucleolus. The cytoplasm was plump, thin or protected in spindly fashion. Almost ail tumor cells showed variable sized intracytoplasmic vacuoles and their nuclei were sometimes crescentic by a huge vacuole. Occasional binucleated tumor cells and mitotic figures were present. Cellular debris and streaky materials were identified. Needle biopsy specimen from the pleura revealed anastomosing slit-like spaces lined by pleomorphic tumor cells. The tumor cells showed a strong reactivity for CD31 and vimentin and focal weak reactivity for factor VIII-related antigen.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.383-387
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• 2006

Atypical fibroxanthoma is a pleomorphic spindle cell neoplasm characterized by a variable combination of cells with fibroblastic and histiocytic features. It occurs mostly on sun-exposed area of the head and neck of elderly person and is a clinically benign reactive lesion despite apparent malignant histologic features. However, because of its potential for metastasis, it is widely regarded as a low-grade sarcoma. We report a 30-year-old woman with atypical fibroxanthoma developed on the left occipital area. The lesion was $1.5{\times}2cm$ sized papule. There was no skin lesion such as ulcer or eschar. However, mass was involving occipital bone and composed of dense, pleomorphic spindle cells and several bizarre multinucleated giant cells. After wide excision of the scalp and occipital bone, the defect was covered with bone cement, bipedicled local flap and the donor site was covered with STSG. The wound healed completely without complication. It remained free of recurrence for a period of about 1 year follow up.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.743-747
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• 2008

Purpose: Malignant changes of Marjolin's ulcer arising from chronic burn scar are rare. The majority of them are squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma is a deep seated pleomorphic sarcoma, which occurs principally as a mass of the extremities, abdominal cavity, or retroperitoneum in adults. Methods: We report a 58-year-old male patient who was admitted due to $3.5{\times}5cm$ chronic ulceration of anterior chest wall on the center of old burn scar. His scar had been occurred by boiling oil and treated with conservative treatment 45 years ago. Preoperative punch biopsy showed suspicious malignant changes and contrast enhanced chest CT showed well-defined, irregular shape enhancing lesion on anterior chest wall without intrathoracic metastasis. Results: The tumor was widely excised and defect was covered with skin graft without infection, necrosis and any other complication. The pathologic findings are compatible with malignant fibrous histiocytoma(storiform - pleomorphic type). The patient underwent 3 cycles of chemotheraphy. Although distant metastasis to the lung developed 6 months later and the patient died 9 month later, there was no local reoccurrence. Conclusion: Aggressive and early excision is needed because malignant fibrous histiocytoma has characteristics of high malignancy with a propensity for early and distant spread. Furthermore, the patient's education about disease entity and postoperative regular follow-up for local recurrence or metastasis is very important. To prevent malignancy from secondly healing burn scar, early skin graft is recommended for patients with deep second degree burn.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.80-84
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• 2000

Tumors of the parotid gland are the most frequently encountered salivary gland tumors. Knowledge of the histology and anatomy of the salivary gland is important when considering the histiogenesis of salivary gland tumors, requiring close cooperation between the pathologist and the surgeon. Most tumors are benign epithelial formations. Pleomorphic adenomas predominate. Superficial lobectomy is adequate treatment. When the tumor involves a deep lobe, total parotidectomy is indicated. Treatment of malignant tumors depends on the histology, its TNM stage and other factors. Total parotidectomy with lymph adectomy and radiotherapy are needed in case of high grade malignancy. In children, vascular neoplasias are the most frequent, followed by malignant tumors. Their histological features and treatment are the same as for adults. We reviewed 64 cases of the parotid tumors at Department of surgery, Dong-A University Hospital from July. 1990 to Jan. 1999 for the purpose of apprehension of parotid gland tumor by the clinical study and review. Over all sex ratio was 1：1.13(M:F), mean age was 38.9 years, mean size was 3.53cm. According to histologic findings of 64 cases, pleomorphic adenoma was 55(85.9%), Warthin's tumor was 3(4.7%), mucoepidermoid carcinoma was 3(4.7%), squamous cell carcinoma was 2(3.1%), acinic cell carcinoma was 1(1,6%). Post op. facial nerve palsy 16(25%), Frey's syndrome 11(17.2%) cases were happened. Hence, the clinical manifestation of pain, tenderness, facial N. palsy suggest malignant tumors.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.690-698
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• 2012

Cr-B2, a Gram-negative hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] reducing bacteria, was isolated from the aerator water of an activated sludge process in the wastewater treatment facility of a dye and pigment based chemical industry. Cr-B2 exhibited a resistance for 1,100 mg/l Cr(VI) and, similarly, resistance against other heavy metal ions such as $Ni^{2+}$ (800 mg/l), $Cu^{2+}$ (600 mg/l), $Pb^{2+}$ (1,100 mg/l), $Cd^{2+}$ (350 mg/l), $ZN^{2+}$ (700 mg/l), and $Fe^{3+}$ (1,000 mg/l), and against selected antibiotics. Cr-B2 was observed to efficiently reduce 200 mg/l Cr(VI) completely in both nutrient and LB media, and could convert Cr(VI) to Cr(III) aerobically. Cr(VI) reduction kinetics followed allosteric enzyme kinetics. The $K_m$ values were found to be 43.11 mg/l for nutrient media and 38.05 mg/l for LB media. $V_{max}$ values of 13.17 mg/l/h and 12.53 mg/l/h were obtained for nutrient media and LB media, respectively, and the cooperativity coefficients (n) were found to be 8.47 and 3.49, respectively, indicating positive cooperativity in both cases. SEM analysis showed the formation of wrinkles and depressions in the cells when exposed to 800 mg/l Cr(VI) concentration. The organism was seen to exhibit pleomorphic behavior. Cr-B2 was identified on the basis of morphological, biochemical, and partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing chracterizations and found to be Acinetobacter sp.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.115-119
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• 1996

Myoepithelioma is composed exclusively of myoepithelial cells. Myoepithelial cells are ectodermally derived contractile cells that can be routinely identified in many normal tissues having secretory function such as major and minor salivary glands, lacrimal gland and sweat gland. Tumors composed exclusively of myoepithelial cells, so-called myoepitheliomas, are rare-less than 1% of all salivary gland tumors. Grossly, these tumors are well demarcated. The external surface is smooth and may be bosselated. The cut surface is white and homogenous. Microscopically, these tumors are surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule. They are composed of benign-appearing spindle- shaped and/or polygonal cells. Mitoses are rare. Frequently these tumors contain myxomatous stroma which is susceptible to alcial blue stain. Clinically, myoepitheliomas present as slow-glowing, painless masses and can not distinguished from pleomorphic adenomas. Treatment is the same as for pleomorphic adenoma, and the surgical excision should include a margin of normal tissue. Although the majority of myoepitheliomas have behaved in a beingn manner, pleomorphism and mitotic activity have been associated with local aggressiveness.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.10-23
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• 2007

Hallmarks of clinical behaviors of adenoid cystic carcinoma(ACC) of salivary glands are the delayed onset of vascular metastasis and poor responses to classical chemotherapeutic agents. Poor prognoses from salivary ACC are caused by lung metastases that are resistant to conventional therapy. Therefore, cellular and molecular characteristics that influence the dissemination of metastatic cells are important for the design of more effective treatment of salivary ACC. Tumor angiogenesis has been known to be essential for the distant metastasis of malignant cells. So, we determined expressions of angiogenic proteins in benign (pleomorphic adenoma) and malignant (ACC, mucoepidermoid carcinoma) tumors of salivary glands and compared each other and to those in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Using surgical specimens, we performed immunohistochemical assays with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), phosphorylated VEGFR-2 (pVEGFR-2), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and interleukin (IL)-8 antibodies. Most angiogenic factors were overexpressed in malignant salivary tumors than in pleomorphic adenoma which is benign nature. Moreover, ACC demonstrated more expression of VEGFR-2 than that of squamous cell carcinoma which used as control. Conclusively, these data show those angiogenic factors produced by salivary gland tumors may affect the propagation and metastasis of malignant cells of salivary tumors, and could be used as biomarkers for the malignant transformation of salivary gland tumors. Prospectively, although further studies will be needed, these biomarkers related to angiogenesis can be molecular targets for the therapy of salivary ACC, which has propensity for delayed vascular metastasis.