• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.430-436
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• 2022

Platycosides, Platycodi radix (Platycodon grandiflorus root) saponins, are used as food supplements and exert diverse pharmacological activities. Deglycosylation of saponins enhances their biological efficacy, and deglycosylated platycosides are produced mainly through enzymatic hydrolysis. However, the types of available deglycosylated platycosides remain limited because of a lack of hydrolyzing enzymes that can act on specific glycosides in glycosylated platycosides. In this study, a crude enzyme from Aspergillus tubingensis converted platycoside E (PE) and polygalacin D₃ (PGD3) into deglucose-apiose-xylosylated (deGAX)-platycodin D (PD) and deGAX-polygalacin D (PGD), respectively. The products were identified through LC/MS analysis by specifically hydrolyzing all glucose residues at C-3, and apiose and xylose residues at C-28 of platycoside. The hydrolytic activity of the crude enzyme obtained after the cultivation of the fungus using citrus pectin and corn steep solid as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, in culture medium was increased compared with those using other carbon and nitrogen sources. The crude enzyme from A. tubingensis was the most effective in producing deGAX platycoside at pH 5.0 and 60℃. The crude enzyme produced 0.32 mg/ml deGAX-PD and 0.34 mg/ml deGAX-PGD from 1 mg/ml PE and 1 mg/ml PGD3 (at pH 5.0 and 60℃) for 12 and 10 h, with productivities of 32.0 and 42.5 mg/l/h and molar yields of 62.1 and 59.6%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to produce deGAX platycosides from glycosylated platycosides.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2014

The extracts and pure saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) are reported to have a wide range of health benefits. Platycosides (saponins) from the roots of PG are characterized by a structure containing a triterpenoid aglycone and two sugar chains. Saponins are of commercial significance, and their applications are increasing with increasing evidence of their health benefits. The biological effects of saponins include cytotoxic effects against cancer cells, neuroprotective activity, antiviral activity, and cholesterol lowering effects. Saponins with commercial value range from crude plant extracts, which can be used for their foaming properties, to high purity saponins such as platycodin D, which can be used for its health applications (e.g., as a vaccine adjuvant). This review reveals that platycosides have many health benefits and have the potential to be used as a remedy against many of the major health hazards (e.g., cancer, obesity, alzheimer's) faced by populations around the world. Methods of platycoside purification and analysis are also covered in this review.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권7호
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• pp.1017-1025
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• 2016

기관지질환에 우수한 기능성을 가지고 있는 도라지는 수십종의 다양한 사포닌 종류를 함유하고 있다. 이러한 도라지를 젖산발효 시킬 경우 사포닌 조성의 변화와 기관지질환 유발 세균에 대한 항균 활성의 변화를 측정하였다. 도라지 발효를 위하여 사용된 젖산균은 Leuconostoc mesenteroides N12-4, Leuconostoc mesenteroides N58-5, Lactobacillus plantarum N76-10, Lactobacillus plantarum N56-12, Lactobacillus brevis N70-9 및 Lactobacillus brevis E3-8 등 6종이었다. 도라지 발효 시 젖산균 생육은 L. plantarum균이 가장 활발하였으며 pH 값도 가장 많이 내려가 발효 24시간째 pH는 3.73을 보였고 colony 수는 $10^7CFU/g$ 이상으로 증가하였다. 젖산발효 시간 동안 도라지 사포닌 9종에 대한 조성 변화는 사용된 도라지 시료에서 함량이 높았던 platycoside E, diapioplatycoside E, platycodin A, polygalacin D 등이 발효기간 중 일정량 감소하다가 발효 72시간 이후부터는 증가하는 경향이었고 platycodin D는 약간 증가하다가 72시간 이후부터는 오히려 감소하는 경향이었으며, 총사포닌 함량은 발효기간 동안 함량의 변화가 없었던 L. brevis E3-8균을 제외하고는 발효 72시간 이후 96시간째 증가하였다. 기관지질환 유발세균에 대한 항균 활성의 변화를 보기 위하여 사용된 세균은 Corynebacterium diphtheriae KCTC 3075, Klebsiella pneumoniae KCTC 2246, Staphylococcus aureus KCTC 1621 및 Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615균 등 4종으로 각 균에 대한 항균 활성이 발효에 의하여 증대되는 젖산균은 L. plantarum균으로, 특히 L. plantarum N56-12균이 강한 항균 활성을 보여주었다. 이에 따라 각 기관지질환 유발세균에 대한 MIC를 조사한 결과 각 균에 대하여 도라지 무발효물은 200, 180, 210 및 90 mg/mL였고, L. plantarum N56-12균으로 발효된 도라지 상등액은 45, 10, 50 그리고 25 mg/mL였다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.274-280
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• 2008

Platycosides are the saponins in Platycodi Radix and they have several beneficial effects such as antiinflammatory and anti-obesity activities. This study was designed to determine the changes in the saponin composition in Platycodi Radix (platycosides) after being processed under steam and pressure and to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of their extracts. The change of the platycoside compositions was investigated after 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9h heat processing of Platycodi Radices by using HPLC coupled with an evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) system. After heat treatment ($125^{\circ}C$, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9 h), the contents of several platycosides such as platycoside E, platycodin $D_3$, platycodin D, polygalacin D, and platycodin A decreased as the processing time was longer. While the total contents of the saponins decreased, the contents of deapi-forms of deapiplatycoside E, deapi-platycodin $D_3$, and deapi-platycodin D increased relatively. These results indicate that the linkage between apiose and xylose located at C-28 is labile to heat and pressure. The LPS-induced iNOS inhibitory activities of the samples treated for 1 and 2 hours were enhanced and after then, the activities were reduced. These results suggested that heat treatment of the samples affect the content of the total saponins and the saponin content may be the important criteria representing the anti-inflammatory activity.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제67권4호
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• pp.305-318
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• 2022

본 총설은 인삼과 도라지의 노화와 관련된 건강효과에 대하여 주요 기능성물질의 약리적, 약동학적 효과에 대한 연구들을 조사하여 과학적 근거를 정리하였다. 도라지와 인삼의 주요 기능성물질은 사포닌이므로 유사한 분자구조로 공통적으로 항염증 및 항산화 효과, 신경 보호효과와 항암작용, 항대사증후군 효과(고혈압, 이상지질혈증, 당뇨, 비만의 개선)가 확인되었다. 도라지의 사포닌은 Platycodin으로 기관지에 관련한 효능이 주가 되었지만 그 외에도 사포닌이 가진 공통적인 건강에 긍정적인 효과에 대해서 검증이 되어 있었다. 도라지의 효능에 대한 연구는 주로 실험실 연구나 동물 실험이 많았고 사람에게 적용한 임상연구는 적은 편이었다. 한편 인삼의 사포닌은 Ginsenoside로 사포닌의 효능으로 잘 알려진 항염증, 항산화, 항암, 항대사증후군에 대한 효능에 대하여 많은 임상연구를 통하여 그 효능이 검증되어 있었다. 인삼과 도라지의 두 종류의 사포닌 모두 정제된 자체로는 체내 흡수율이 매우 낮았지만 추출이나 발효 등의 방법을 통하여 체내흡수율을 높이는 방법들이 연구되어 있었다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제38권2호통권149호
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• pp.192-196
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• 2007

A rapid and practical HPLC assay was developed for quantitative analysis of saponins in Platycodi Radix. Seven saponin components in Platycodi Radix, i.e., deapioplatycoside E, platycoside E, deapioplatycodin D$_3$, platycodin D$_3$, polygalacin D$_2$, platycodin D$_2$ and platycodin D were successfully resolved on C18 column and detected by ELSD. Standard curves were linear over the concentration range 1 ${\sim}$2,000 ${\mu}$g/ml (r$^2$>0.992). Intra- and inter-day coefficients for variation of seven saponin components were < 10% and limit of quantification of them were around 0.7${\sim}$1.5 ${\mu}$g/ml, respectively. Using this method, contents of seven saponins in various plant materials under different cultivating conditions were estimated.

• 생약학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.147-152
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• 2010

The capability of the solvents for extracting the bioactive saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (Campanulaceae) was investigated to obtain an ideal extract which contained bioactive saponins with high quality and high quantity. The content of eight representative saponins in extracts, such as deapioplatycoside E, platycoside E, platyconic acid A and platycodin D, platycodin $D_3$, platycodin $D_2$, polygalacin $D_2$, polygalacin D were analyzed simultaneousely by the modified HPLC analytical method. The validation test of the modified qualitative and quantitative analytical method employing the ELSD equipped HPLC for eight representative saponins in the roots extract of P. grandiflorum showed a good linearity, precision and accuracy. the correlation coefficient ($r^2$) values of the calbration curves for each saponins were observed to be over 0.9990. LOD and LOQ of each saponin was calculated as $0.10{\mu}g{\sim}0.40{\mu}g$ (LOD) and $0.40{\mu}g{\sim}0.80{\mu}g$ (LOQ), respectively. Recovery rates of each saponin were also calculated as over 98%, respectively. With exception of two saponins, platyconic acid A and platycodin D, The content of eight saponins in extracts was decreased proportionally to the increment of the water ratio of solvent for extraction. Consequently, as aquous alcohol was used as a solvent for extracting the saponin components from powdered roots of P. grandiflorum, the water content in the aquous alcohol was seemed to be a critical factor for extracting efficacy. The 60-80% ratio of alcohol in the aquous alcohol were deduced to be suitable and recommendable for the preparation of roots extract of P. grandiflorum which contained saponins with high quality and high quantity.