• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.214-218
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• 2009

Platycodon grandiflorum is a long-lived herbaceous and one of the very important herbal medicine and foods. P. grandiflorum is called do-ra-ji in Korea. Inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers were performed in order to analyse the phenetic relationships of four accessions of P. grandiflorum. Wild groups had higher expected diversity, 0.164 for Korean and 0.157 for Chinese accessions than those of cultivated groups, 0.079 for Korea and 0.059 for China. The total genetic diversity in P. grandiflorum was 0.268 across species and the value was lower than average values for species with similar life history traits. The patchy distribution and domestication are proposed as possible factors contributing to low genetic diversity. An assessment of the proportion of diversity within species, HAccession/HSpecies, indicated that about 57.1% the total genetic diversity was among species. Thus, the majority of genetic variation (42.9%) resided within accessions. The estimated Nm (the number of migrants per generation) was very low among four accessions (mean Nm = 0.376). The low estimate of Nm indicated that gene flow was not extensive among four accessions. ISSR01-02 locus can be recognized as an unique locus of Korean groups (wild and cultivated accessions). Thus the locus can be used to distinguish Korean accessions from Chinese accessions. ISSR04-06 locus was found specific to Chinese groups (wild and cultivated accessions) and was not shown in Korean accessions. Although the size of sampling was not large enough for P. grandiflorum, the analyses of ISSRs will certainly provide an enhanced view on the phylogeny of accessions.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.72-75
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• 2018

Balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum) is one of minor crops in Korea. Only four ACCase inhibiting herbicides are registered for P. grandiflorum and the farmers usually use general but unregistered herbicides which can cause critical phytotoxicity. So, this study was conducted to investigate effects of alachlor and pendimethalin on germination and early growth of P. grandiflorum. To evaluate the effect of alachlor and pendimethalin, two herbicides were treated to the seeds in petri-dish and soil. In the petri-dish, alachlor completely inhibited the germination as well as pendimethalin inhibited the germination slightly but not significantly. In case of soil application, alachlor inhibited germination and plant height of P. grandiflorum significantly as well as pendimethalin inhibited plant height and root length significantly. We showed the possibility of phytotoxicity of alachlor and pendimethalin to P. grandiflorum and strongly suggest that two herbicides should not be used to the cultivation of P. grandiflorum. Unregistered herbicides should not be used for weed management and additional researches for screening of safe herbicide to minor crops should be conducted as soon as possible.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.896-902
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• 2003

The present study was carried out to investigate the antiobesity effects of Platycodon grndiflorum extract on body weight changes and serum lipid composition of rats fed high fat diet. The Platycodon grandiflorum has been widely used as a folk food in the Orient for many centuries. We had experiment with Platycodon grandiflorum extract in order to find cure effects for obesty. The changes of the body weights in Platycodon ggrandiflorum extract treatment group showed a decrease in comparison with control group. Weekly body weights of PG group are respectively 243.7$\pm$2.0g, 283.5$\pm$4.3 g, 310.5$\pm$6.5 g, 333.2$\pm$7.5 g, 361.0$\pm$10.4 g, 390.5$\pm$11.5 g, 436.0$\pm$11.8 g, 454.4$\pm$11.4 g, 484.4$\pm$10.1 g. Body weight of PC groups are decreased compared with those of control group, but the rates are not significant. Total cholesterol of PG group(77.2$\pm$3.3 mg/dl) is decreased by 7.0% compared with that of control group. Serum triglyceride of PG group(103.6$\pm$9.0mg/dl) is decreased by 21.1% compared with that of control group. Serum free fatty acid of PG group(630.1$\pm$45.9 $\mu$Eq/l) is decreased by 19.6% .compared with that of control group. Total lipid amount of PG group(393.6$\pm$23.7 mg/dl) is decreased by 9.1% compared with that of control group. The above results suggest that Platycodon grandiflorum extract could prevent or cure metabolic diseases by preventing hyperlipemia caused by high fat diet.

• Proceedings of the Korea Environmental Mutagen Society Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.184-184
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• 2002

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.206.2-207
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• 2003

The immunostimulatory and host resistance effects of the Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC, changkil (CK) and inulin (CKI) isolated from CK were investigated in rats. SD rat were exposed to CK or CKI by gavages for 7days and isolated peritoneal macrophages and splenocyte were used for these studies. CK and CKI significantly enhanced peritoneal macrophages activities such as ROS production and phargocytosis. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.176.1-176.1
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• 2003

The protective effects on hepatic fibrosis of an aqueous extract from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC (Campanulaceae), Changkil (CK), in hepatic stellate cell line, CFSC-2G. The increased deposition of extracellular matrix by hepatic stellate cells following liver injury in a process known as activation is considered a key mechanism for increased collagen content of liver during the development of liver fibrosis. (omitted)

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.239-247
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• 2015

This experiment was conducted to obtain the have higher contents of pharmaceutical constituents as well as higher yield from colchicine induced diploid and tetraploid extracts of Platycodon grandiflorum. In order to determine the biological activity, this study was focused to evaluate the cytotoxicity, antimicrobial on the bronthus disease bacteria, antioxidant enzyme activity of diploid and tetraploid extracts in P. grandiflorum. The activities of antioxidant enzyme according to different solvent extracts were measured as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). The cytotoxicity of methanol extracts of P. grandiflorum showed significant differences between tetraploid and diploid. That is, the cytotoxic effect against human cancer cell was higher in tetraploid than in diploid. At all extracts concentration, tetraploid samples showed high toxicity and the $IC_{50}$ (concentration causing 50% cell death) value showed the highest on HCT-116 cell ($105.91{\mu}g/mL$), and exhibited significant activity against the Hep 3B cell ($140.67{\mu}g/mL$), SNU-1066 cell ($154.01{\mu}g/mL$), Hela cell ($158.37{\mu}g/mL$), SNU-601 cell ($182.67{\mu}g/mL$), Calu-6 cell ($190.42{\mu}g/mL$), MCF-7 cell ($510.19{\mu}g/mL$). Antimicrobial activities of diploid P. grandiflorum were relatively low compared to tetraploid P. grandiflorum on most of the bacterial strains. In tetraploid P. grandiflorum, K. pneumoniae showed the clear zone formation (18~19 mm) of growth inhibition, followed by the clear zone formation of 13~15 mm on C. diphtheria and S. pyogenes. The antimicrobial activities in diploid P. grandiflorum were the highest on K. pneumonia (14~15 mm), and showed the clear zone formation of 11~12 mm on C. diphtheria and 12~13 mm on S. pyogenes. The antimicrobial activity is thought to look different depending on the bacterial strains and the polyploidy of P. grandiflorum. The root extract of P. grandiflorum had the highest (97.2%) SOD enzyme activity in ethyl acetate partition layer of tetraploid while water partition layer of diploid showed the lowest (48.6%) SOD enzyme activity. The activity of CAT showed higher values in the root of tetraploid than in the diploid of P. grandiflorum in all partition layers except butyl alcohol. The activities of APX and POD showed higher values in the root of tetraploid than in the diploid of P. grandiflorum in all fraction solvents except water layer. These results indicate that the tetraploid P. grandiflorum can be used as a source for developing cytotoxic agent and antimicrobials which can act against bronchus diseases bacterial strains.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.841-846
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• 2005

Using high-fat-fed C57BL/6 mice, therapeutic effects of oral administration of aqueous extracts of Platycodon grandiflorum and Acanthopanax senticosus on obesity were evaluated by comparing body and liver weights, feed intake, adipose tissue mass, blood lipid profile, and triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in liver and feces. Obesity was successfully induced in high-fat diet group. P. grandiflorum and A. senticosus were effective in reducing food intake, serum lipid levels, adipose tissue accumulation, and weight. P. grandiflorum extract reduced triglyceride and cholesterol levels in liver by excluding them in feces. A. senticosus extract increased triglyceride level in liver but decreased in feces, and decreased total cholesterol in liver and feces, indicating active ingredient of A. senticosus exert antiobesity effect through mechanism different from that of P. grandiflorum extract. These results suggest aqueous extracts of P. grandiflorum and A. senticosus have synergistic effect for prevention of hyperglyceridemia and obesity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.183-189
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• 2003

Platycodi Radix, the root of Platycodon grandiflorum, commonly known as Doraji, is used as a traditional oriental medicine. Extracts from the roots of P. grandiflorum have been reported to have wide ranging health benefits. We investigated the effects of an aqueous extract from the roots of P. grandiflorum (AEPG) on the cell proliferation of human lung carcinoma A549 cells in order to understand its anti-proliferative mechanism. AEPG treatment resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. This anti-proliferative effect of A549 cells by AEPG treatment was associated with morphological changes such as membrane shrinking, cell rounding up and inhibition of cell migration. DNA flow cytometric histograms showed that populations of both Sand G2/M phase of the cell cycle were increased by AEPG treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. AEPG treatment induced a marked accumulation of tumor suppressor p53 and a concomitant induction of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21 and p27. In addition, SSS treatment resulted in down-regulation of Cdk2 and Cdk4 expression. The present results indicated that AEPG-induced inhibition of lung cancer cell proliferation is associated with the blockage of S to G2/M phase progression the induction of apoptosis. Taken together, these findings suggest that P. grandiflorum has strong potential for development as an agent for prevention against human lung cancer.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.312-318
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• 1998

The object of this study was to investigate the effects of the feeding mixed with powders and extracts of Platycodon grandiflorum (4 or 22 years) on the lipid metabolism of liver in rats. After cholesterol-feorats of Sprague-Dawley strain were fed 5% level of frozen powder, fiber, saponin and ethanol extract for 3 weeks, the activity of enzymes related to liver function, liver tissue and lipid components of liver were examined. The activity of enzymes was significantly lower in the P. grandiflorum powder diet group than in control. The concentration of total cholesterol in liver was rather lower in powder and fiber diet group of each P. grandiflorum than in the other experimental groups, and triglyceride concentration was rather lower in all experimental groups than in the control group, while phospholipid was not significant. On observing through electromicroscope of liver tissue, there was showed to increase fat droplet in control group, but decrease fat droplet in all experimental groups, and glycogen was found to accumulate in rats fed twenty-two years P. grandiflorum.