• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.366-375
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• 2001

Bone shaving for surgical correction is general method in facial asymmetrical patient with fibrous dysplasia. Therefore, decision of bone shaving amount on the preoperative planning is very difficult for improvement of ideal occlusal relationship and harmonious face. Preoperative planning of facial asymmetry with fibrous dysplasia is generally confirmed by the simulation surgery based on evaluation of clinical examination, radiographic analysis and analysis of facial study model. However, the accurate postoperative results can not be predicted by this method. By using the computed tomography based RP(rapid prototyping) model, simulation of facial skeleton can be duplicated and 3-dimensional simmulation surgery can be perfomed. After fabrication of postoperative study model by preoperactive bone shaving, preoperative and postoperactive surgical index was made by omnivaccum and clear acrylic resin. Amount of bone shaving is confirmed by superimposition of surgical index at the operation. We performed the surgical correction of facial asymmetry patients with fibrous dysplasia using surgical index and prototyping model and obtained the favorable results.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.563-569
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• 2006

Purpose: In the correction of cleft lip, there have been various methods to minimize recurrence of the nasal deformity after primary nasal surgery. After cheiloplasty and primary nasal surgery, we tried to elongate the columella of the cleft side, to stretch the vestibular lining of cleft side, and to elevate the alar cartilage of the cleft side with a molding prong. Methods: We had fifteen cleft lip patients; 12 unilateral cases(6.3-8.2 months), and 3 bilateral cases(3 - 7.5 months). Immediately after primary repair of the cleft lip, the toboggan shaped molding prong was located to deep inside of vestibular web of the cleft side. It was persistently suspended by a silicone tube which was connected to the prong and the frontal scalp. The results were analyzed with $Photoshop^{(R)}$ photogrammetrically for 6 - 48 months with on average of 20.6 months. We measured the proportion index of columellar length-interalar distance for three times(preoperation, immediate postoperation, and postoperation) on the nasal base views. Results: In unilateral, the index had a significant increase statistically between preoperation(10.73) and immediate postoperation(23.96). It is supposed that columellar length was reconstructed to 105.80% of normal side. But, it was decreased to maintain 87.7% of normal side in postoperation(20.54). The results were similar in bilateral. The linear scars by suture penetrating nose skin were not discernable. Conclusion: In summary, placement of the molding prong could elongate the reconstructed columella with some relapse postoperatively.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.77-80
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• 2011

Purpose: We report a patient with DiGeorge syndrome who was later diagnosed as mild metopic synostosis and received anterior 2/3 calvarial remodeling. Methods: A 16-month-old boy, who underwent palatoplasty for cleft palate at Chungnam National University Hospital when he was 12 months old of age, visited St. Mary's Hospital for known DiGeorge syndrome with craniosynostosis. He had growth retardation and was also diagnosed with hydronephrosis and thymic agenesis. His chromosomal study showed microdeletion of 22q11.2. On physical examination, there were parieto-occipital protrusion and bifrontotemporal narrowing. The facial bone computed tomography showed premature closure of metopic suture, orbital harlequin sign and decreased anterior cranial volume. The interorbital distance was decreased (17 mm) and the cephalic index was 93%. Results: After the correction of metopic synostosis by anterior 2/3 calvarial remodeling, the anterior cranial volume expanded with increased interorbital distance and decreased cephalic index. Fever and pancytopenia were noted at 1 month after the operation, and he was diagnosed as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis by bone marrow study. He however, recovered after pediatric treatment. There was no other complication during the 12 month follow up period. Conclusion: This case presents with a rare combination of DiGeorge syndrome and metopic synostosis. When a child is diagnosed with DiGeorge syndrome soon after the birth, clinicians should keep in mind the possibility of an accompanying craniosynostosis. Other possible comorbidities should also be evaluated before the correction of craniosynostosis in patients as DiGeorge syndrome. In addition, postoperative management requires a thorough follow up by a multidisciplinary team of plastic surgeons, neurosurgeons, ophthalmologists and pediatricians.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.71-75
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• 2012

Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis is the most common and serious complication after thyroid cancer surgery. The objective of this study was to report the advantages of the vein wrapping technique for nerve reconstruction in patients with thyroid cancer invading the recurrent laryngeal nerve and its effects on postoperative phonatory function. The subjects were three patients who underwent resection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during surgical extirpation of papillary thyroid cancer. Free ansa cervicalis nerve graft or direct neurorrhaphy with a vein wrapping technique was used to facilitate nerve regeneration, protect the anastomosed nerve site mechanically, and prevent neuroma formation. One-year postoperative laryngoscopic examination revealed good vocal cord mobility. Maximum phonation time ($19.5{\pm}0.3$ sec) was longer than a previously-reported value in conventional reconstruction patients ($18.8{\pm}6.6$ sec). The present phonation efficiency index ($7.88{\pm}0.78$) was higher than that previously calculated in conventional reconstruction ($7.59{\pm}2.82$). The mean value of the Voice Handicap Index-10 was 6, which was within the normal range. This study demonstrates improvement in phonation indices measured 1 year after recurrent laryngeal nerve reconstruction. Our results confirm that the vein wrapping technique has theoretical advantages and could be favored over conventional reconstruction techniques for invenerate nerve injuries.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.120-125
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• 2010

Wood-Plastic Composites (WPCs) are one of spotlighting materials for the residential construction and the industry for furniture. At this study, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was measured by ASTM D 2863 and the cone calorimeter test was done by ISO 5660-1 to find the combustion characteristics of WPCs. In addition, the identical test was implemented to compare the combustion characteristics between the red pine and the antiseptic wood. The result of LOI measurement showed that the LOI of WPCs was lower than that of red pine or antiseptic wood. The cone calorimeter test showed that the heat release rate (HRR) of WPCs was the highest and the Peak HRR as well as the average HRR and total heat release of WPCs was higher than those of red pine or antiseptized wood

• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2009.02a
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• pp.291-292
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• 2009

Refractive index monitoring using U-shaped POF (Plastic optical fiber) in the sugar solution and salt solution were performed. The various bending losses of U-shaped POF due to the environmental refractive index changes of the measurand solution. The loss increases according to the amounts of solute in the solution which causes the refractive index change in the solution.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2009

Purpose: Excessive scarring in the forms of keloid and hypertrophic scar could be a consquence of the accumulation of granulation tissue cells due to aberrant control of apoptosis. Verapamil retard extracelluar matrix production and inhibits VEGF production in primary cultured keloid fibroblast. The object of this study was effect of verapamil on VEGF expression and apoptosis in early wound scarring of the rabbit ear. Methods: Full thickness wounds were created on the ventral side of 6 New Zealand rabbits's ear. 16 days after initial wounding verapamil and saline were injected each scars and scars were harvested 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks later. The wounds were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, TUNEL stain, immunohistochemical stain for VEGF and calculated scar elevation index. Results: Histologic analaysis demonstrated significant reduction in inflammation, vascularity and improvement in dermal collagen organization in experimental group. In TUNEL staining apotosis positive cells were increased and immunohistochemial staining of VEGF demonstrated significant reduction of VEGF expression in experimental group. No significant difference was noted in scar elevation index between two groups. Conclusion: This study suggest that intralesional injection of verapamil on early wound scarring of the rabbit ear decreased VEGF production and increased apoptosis and have a benefit on the pathophysiology of scar formation.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 2007

Purpose: Blow-out fracture is one of the most common fractures in facial trauma. It is diagnosed by Computed Tomography(CT) scan, which is considered as the most effective diagnostic tool. Since, the Picture Archiving Communication System(PACS) has been provided recently to many hospitals, doctors are more familiar with imaging software of PACS. Because this software has many useful measuring tools, doctors can measure orbital structure easily and make a plan for treatment with its data. Therefore, authors intended to analyze the data of orbital structure measured with PACS imaging software and evaluate its usefulness. Methods: The charts and CT images of 100 patients, which were 50 patients with medial wall fracture and 50 patients with floor fracture, were reviewed. Patients were selected by pre-determined criteria and their CT images were measured with image software of PACS. 'Extraocular muscle thickness', 'Defect ratio'(ratio of defect area to normal area) and 'Globe position index' were measured and analyzed statistically. Results: The thickness of inferior rectus muscle and medial rectus muscle was simultaneously increased in acute-stage of blow-out fracture. The medial rectus muscle was more thickened in medial wall fracture and inferior rectus was more thickened in floor fracture, respectively. In acute blow-out fracture, globe position is exophthalmic rather than enophthalmic. Especially in floor fracture, numerical value summed up thickness of all extraocular muscle is correlated to the defect ratio and globe position index. Conclusion: Clinicians can decide globe position or presume defect ratio in inferior wall fracture by measurement of CT image in acute blow-out fracture using PACS.

• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2001.08a
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• pp.116-117
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• 2001

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.42
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• pp.17.1-17.11
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• 2020

Background: To evaluate the facial asymmetry, three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) has been used widely. This study proposed a method to quantify facial asymmetry based on 3D-CT. Methods: The normal standard group consisted of twenty-five male subjects who had a balanced face and normal occlusion. Five anatomical landmarks were selected as reference points and ten anatomical landmarks were selected as measurement points to evaluate facial asymmetry. The formula of facial asymmetry index was designed by using the distances between the landmarks. The index value on a specific landmark indicated zero when the landmarks were located on the three-dimensional symmetric position. As the asymmetry of landmarks increased, the value of facial asymmetry index increased. For ten anatomical landmarks, the mean value of facial asymmetry index on each landmark was obtained in the normal standard group. Facial asymmetry index was applied to the patients who had undergone orthognathic surgery. Preoperative facial asymmetry and postoperative improvement were evaluated. Results: The reference facial asymmetry index on each landmark in the normal standard group was from 1.77 to 3.38. A polygonal chart was drawn to visualize the degree of asymmetry. In three patients who had undergone orthognathic surgery, it was checked that the method of facial asymmetry index showed the preoperative facial asymmetry and the postoperative improvement well. Conclusions: The current new facial asymmetry index could efficiently quantify the degree of facial asymmetry from 3D-CT. This method could be used as an evaluation standard for facial asymmetry analysis.