• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.261-275
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• 2011

차량이 통행하는 상태에서 기존터널을 확대하기 위해서는 굴착 시 발생하는 버력의 비산으로부터 차량을 보호하고 착공간과 차량운행공간을 분리하기 위해 프로텍터를 기존터널 내부에 설치하게 된다. 기존에 제안된 이론해에서는 버력을 탄성체로 가정하였으나 일반적으로 암석은 탄소성거동을 하므로 본 논문에서는 Explicit FEA (ABAQUE) 프로그램을 이용하여 버력의 재료 거동에 따른 수치해석을 실시하였다. 수치해석결과를 토대로 버력의 재료거동에 따른 충격하중을 분석하였으며 제안된 이론해와도 비교분석 하였다. 수치해석결과 버력이 탄소성거동을 할 경우 탄성거동에 비해 충격하중이 약 7~12% 수준인 것으로 나타났다. 탄생거동 시 이론해와 수치해석결과를 선형회귀분석한 결과 매우 잘 일치하는 것으로 나타났으며, 탄소성 거동 시에는 직선선형관계를 보이나 탄성계수별로 직선회귀식의 기울기가 다르게 나타났다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.539-544
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• 2017

Shear walls have high stiffness and strength; however, they lack energy dissipation and repairability. In this study, an innovative slotted shear wall featuring vertical slots and steel energy dissipation connectors was developed. The ductility and energy dissipation of the shear wall were improved, while sufficient bearing capacity and structural stiffness were retained. Furthermore, the slotted shear wall does not support vertical forces, and thus it does not have to be arranged continuously along the height of the structure, leading to a much free arrangement of the shear wall. A frame-slotted shear wall structure that combines the conventional frame structure and the innovative shear wall was developed. To investigate the ductility and hysteretic behavior of the slotted shear wall, finite element models of two walls with different steel connectors were built, and pushover and quasi-static analyses were conducted. Numerical analysis results indicated that the deformability and energy dissipation were guaranteed only if the steel connectors yielded before plastic hinges in the wall limbs were formed. Finally, a modified D-value method was proposed to estimate the bearing capacity and stiffness of the slotted shear wall. In this method, the wall limbs are analogous to columns and the connectors are analogous to beams. Results obtained from the modified D-value method were compared with those obtained from the finite element analysis. It was found that the internal force and stiffness estimated with the modified D-value method agreed well with those obtained from the finite element analysis.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1083-1096
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• 2016

Beam-column joints are recognized as the weak points of reinforcement concrete frames. The ductility of reinforced concrete (RC) frames during severe earthquakes can be measured through the dissipation of large energy in beam-column joint. Retrofitting and rehabilitating structures through proper methods, such as carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), are required to prevent casualties that result from the collapse of earthquake-damaged structures. The main challenge of this issue is identifying the effect of CFRP on the occurrence of failure in the joint of a cross section with normal ductility. The present study evaluates the retrofitting method for a normal ductile beam-column joint using CFRP under monotonic and cyclic loads. Thus, the finite element model of a cross section with normal ductility and made of RC is developed, and CFRP is used to retrofit the joints. This study considers three beam-column joints: one with partial CFRP wrapping, one with full CFRP wrapping, and one with normal ductility. The two cases with partial and full CFRP wrapping in the beam-column joints are used to determine the effect of retrofitting with CFRP wrapping sheets on the behavior of the beam-column joint confined by such sheets. All the models are subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading. The final capacity and hysteretic results of the dynamic analysis are investigated. A comparison of the dissipation energy graphs of the three connections shows significant enhancement in the models with partial and full CFRP wrapping. An analysis of the load-displacement curves indicates that the stiffness of the specimens is enhanced by CFRP sheets. However, the models with both partial and full CFRP wrapping exhibited no considerable improvement in terms of energy dissipation and stiffness.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.527-538
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• 2017

The evaluation of the loss-of-support conditions of frictional beam-to-column connections using simplified numerical models describing the transverse response of a portal-like structure is presented in this paper considering the effects of the seismic-hazard disaggregation. Real earthquake time histories selected from European Strong-motion Database (ESD) are used to show the effects of the seismic-hazard disaggregation on the beam loss-of-support conditions. Seismic events are classified according to different values of magnitudes, epicentral distances and soil conditions (stiff or soft soil) highlighting the importance of considering the characteristics of the seismic input in the assessment of the loss-of-support conditions of frictional beam-to-column connections. A rigid and an elastic model of a frame of a precast industrial building (2-DoF portal-like model) are presented and adopted to find the minimum required friction coefficient to avoid sliding. Then, the mean value of the minimum required friction coefficient with an epicentral distance bin of 10 km is calculated and fitted with a linear function depending on the logarithm of the epicentral distance. A complete parametric analysis varying the horizontal and vertical period of vibration of the structure is performed. Results show that the loss-of-support condition is strongly influenced by magnitude, epicentral distance and soil conditions determining the frequency content of the earthquake time histories and the correlation between the maxima of the horizontal and vertical components. Moreover, as expected, dynamic characteristics of the structure have also a strong influence. Finally, the effect of the column nonlinear behavior (i.e. formation of plastic hinges at the base) is analyzed showing that the connection and the column are a series system where the maximum force is limited by the element having the minimum strength. Two different longitudinal reinforcement ratios are analyzed demonstrating that the column strength variation changes the system response.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.1398-1408
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• 2003

Tensile and LCF(low cycle fatigue) tests were carried out in air at wide temperature range 20$^{\circ}C$-750$^{\circ}C$ and strain rates of 1${\times}$10$\^$-4//s-1${\times}$10$\^$-2/ to ascertain the influence of strain rate on tensile and LCF properties of prior cold worked 316L stainless steel, especially focused on the DSA(dynamic strain aging) regime. Dynamic strain aging induced the change of tensile properties such as strength and ductility in the temperature region 250$^{\circ}C$-600$^{\circ}C$ and this temperature region well coincided with the negative strain rate sensitivity regime. Cyclic stress response at all test conditions was characterized by the initial hardening during a few cycles, followed by gradual softening until final failure. Temperature and strain rate dependence on cyclic softening behavior appears to result from the change of the cyclic plastic deformation mechanism and DSA effect. The DSA regimes between tensile and LCF loading conditions in terms of the negative strain rate sensitivity were well consistent with each other. The drastic reduction in fatigue resistance at elevated temperature was observed, and it was attributed to the effects of oxidation, creep and dynamic strain aging or interactions among them. Especially, in the DSA regime, dynamic strain aging accelerated the reduction of fatigue resistance by enhancing crack initiation and propagation.

• Composites Research
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2004

유리 섬유 강화 플라스틱 직교적층판의 내부층과 표피층의 길이방향 변형률을 삽입된 절대변형 외부 페브리 페로 간섭 센서를 이용하여 측정하였다. 투과식 광학현미경을 이용하여 삽입된 A-EFPI 센서 주위의 파손거동을 관찰하였다. 시험편 표면부의 변형률 측정을 위해 포일 형식의 스트레인 게이지를 시험편 아래 위 표면부에 부착하였다. 또한 삽입된 A-EFPI 센서로 측정한 내부층과 표피층의 길이방향 변형률 값은 스트레인 게이지로 측정한 시험편 표면의 변형률 값 보다 다소 크게 나타났다. 균일 응력 모델을 기초로 한 3차원 유한요소해석을 통해 실험 결과의 타당성을 확인하였으며 내부층의 큰 변형률은 많은 횡단형 균열의 발생을 야기시켰는데 이로 인해 내부층에 삽입된 광섬유센서의 고장시 변형률이 급격히 낮아졌다.

• 복합신소재구조학회 논문집
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.26-33
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• 2011

최근 지중매설 유리섬유복합관(GRP관)은 유해한 환경에서 뛰어난 성능을 보유하고 있어 하수관거용으로서 사용이 증가 되고 있다. 또한 지중에 매설되어 있는 조건에서 기존의 콘크리트관 등 강성관에 비해 구조적 성능이 뛰어나다. 지중매설 GRP관은 주로 상부에 작용하는 상부토압과 활하중에 의한 압축응력에 의해 원주방향으로 변형이 일어나게 된다. GRP관의 구조적 거동은 매설토와 주변의 지반의 성질에 따라 다르게 설계되어야 한다. GRP관의 설계는 Spangler 의 변형량 계산식을 Watkins에 의해 수정되어 사용되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 Watkins의 관변형 추정식에 GRP관의 재료적 특성을 고려하여 관변형량을 예측하였다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.108-115
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• 2014

The friction behaviors of bulk amorphous thermal spray coating (BAC) and second phase-reinforced composite coatings using a high velocity oxy-fuel spraying process were investigated using a ball-on-disk test rig that slides against a ceramic ball in an atmospheric environment. The surface temperatures were measured using an infrared thermometer installed 50 mm from the contact surface. The crystallinities of the coating layers were determined using X-ray diffraction. The morphologies of the coating layers and worn surfaces were observed using a scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The results show that the friction behavior of the monolithic amorphous coating was sensitive to the testing conditions. Under lower than normal loads, a low and stable friction coefficient of about 0.1 was observed, whereas under a higher relative load, a high and unstable friction coefficient of greater than 0.3 was obtained with an instant temperature increase. For the composite coatings, a sudden increase in friction coefficient did not occur, i.e., the transition region did not exist and during the friction test, a gradual increase occurred only after a significant delay. The BAC morphology observations indicate that viscous plastic flow was generated with low loads, but severe surface damage (i.e., tearing) occurred at high loads. For composite coatings, a relatively smooth surface was observed on the worn surface for all applied loads.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1465-1477
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• 1993

본 연구에서는 분말혼합체의 특성인 항복응력을 포함한 Generalized Newtonian Fluid의 구성 방정식을 도입하고 미끄럼현상을 고려한 신소재의 사출성형 충전과정 해석용 CAE(computer aided engineering)시스템을 개발하였다. 수치모사를 위한 수치해석방법으로는, 유한요소법(finite element method)과 유한차분법(finite difference method)을 함께 사용하였다. 유한요소법과 검사체적법(control volume technique) 을 병용하여 유동의 진행을 수치모사 하였으며, 유한차분법을 사용하여 온도분포를 계산하였다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.471-479
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 고강도콘크리트충전 각형강관장주에 대한 실험결과와 탄소성해석결과를 비교분석했다. 실험체는 모두 고강도콘크리트 충전 각형강관장주로 18개를 제작하였으며, 편심비에 따라 중심 및 편심가력하였다. 본 연구의 주요 파라메타는 단면폭에 대한 유효좌굴 길이의 비($L_K$/D)= 4, 8, 12, 24, 30와 가력편심비(e)=0, k, 3k이다. 본 논문에서 고강도콘크리트 충전 각형강관장주의 내력에 관한 해석 및 실험을 통하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. $L_K$/D=12 이하의 고강도콘크리트충전 각형강관단주는 콘크리트 감소계수 $c{\gamma}u=0.85$를 고려한 전소성내역에 도달했으나, $L_K$/D=18 이상의 장주실험체는 콘크리트 감소계수를 고려한 전소성내력에 도달하지 않았다. 실험에 의한 고강도콘크리트충전 각형강관장주의 탄소성거동은 제안된 해석치의 종국내력$N_{ASSUMED}$과 비교적 양호한 접근을 보여주었다. 콘크리트 압축강도의 감소계수 $c{\gamma}u=0.85$를 고려하지 않은 CFT설계기준과 고강도 콘크리트를 충전한 각형강관기둥의 실험결과치는 비교적 잘 일치함을 알 수 있었다.