• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.200-208
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• 1983

The present studies were designed to compare the effects of both dietary fat levels and P / S ratio on lipid components in plasma and tissues. Changes in plasma HDL-cholesterol, cholesterol and TG, and also in tissue cholesterol and TG were determined in young rats fed diets providing total dietary fat as 10%, 25% or 45% of calories and P / S ratio as 0.2 or 4.0. Plasma cholesterol levels were getting higher as dietary fat levels increased at P / S 0.2. Plasma cholesterol was lower in rats fed dietary fat either 25% or 45 %, each with P / S 4.0. But at 10% no change in plasma cholesterol were observed by P / S 4.0 because of a possible insufficiency of the absolute amount of PUFA. HDL-cholesterol was rather less sensitive to the modification of dietary fat level, but was reduced in rats fed diets of P / S 4.0 at either 25% or 45% fat, even though HDL-cholesterol were increased in the group of 10% with P / S 0.2. Total cholesterol per g- liver were significantly increased as dietary fat levels increased. Liver cholesterol levels were higher in rats fed diets of P / S 4.0 at higher fat levels (25% or 45%) which possibly suggested that a reduction of plasma cholesterol by high PUFA diet was not at least from a decreased synthesis of cholesterol in liver. However, in muscle no significant differences were found by feeding high P / S ratio at each levels of fat. At 10% fat level, compared to 25% or 45%, cholesterol level was lower in g-liver but higher in g- muscle. Plasma TG was decreased as more dietary fat were supplied at P / S ratio, but no consistant response obtained at low P / S ratio. TG per g-liver were reduced by feeding P / S 4.0 diet at 10% or 45% fat level but no differences were found in muscle. P / S 4.0 diet was more efficient in lowering plasma cholesterol TG and HDL-cholesterolt levels only if fat level was more than 25% of the total calories And young rats were more resistant to dietary fat modification.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 1998

In order to independently examine the effects of long-chain saturated fatty acids and dietary cholesterol levels on plasma and hepatic cholesterol concentrations, six different diets were fed to male Mongolian gerbils (14 gerbils pes grcup) for an 8-week period. Purified diets contained 36% energy as fat (each saturated fatty acid tested comprised about 20% of the total fat energy) and 0.06% (w/w) cholesterol, corresponding to typical human consumption patterns in Western diets. Fat blends were formulated with natural fat sources. To determine the effects of different saturated fatty acids on plasma and liver cholesterol levels, four of the six diets contained constant levels of all nutrients except for the amounts of lauric acid (12 0), myristic acid (14 : 0), palmitic acid (16 0), and stearic acid (18 : 0). Dietary cholesterol effects were tested using 16 : 0-enriched diets containing 0, 0.006, and 0.06% (w/w) cholesterol. None of the plasma lipids were influenced by fatty acid treatment, including triglycerides, plasma total-, VLDL+LDL-, and HDL-cholesterol. However, hepatic esterified cholesterol concentrations were increased in the palmitic and stearic arid diet groups compared to the lauric and myristic acid diet group. The molar ratios of hepatic EC/FC were the highest in the palmitic acid diet (12.2 $\pm$0.6) and the lowest in the myristic acid diet (6.4$\pm$0.2). Dietary cholesterol significantly (p<0.001) increased the plasma total cholesterol which was due to the increase of both HDL-and VLDL+LDL-cholesterol. In the absence of dietary cholesterol and compared to other species, the gerbil exhibited a high molar ratio of hepatic EC/FC, which was funker elevated by dietary cholesterol feeding (0.06%). The results from this study indicate that hepatic cholesterol concentrations are sensitive to both low levels of dietary cholesterol and saturated fatty acid chain length and also, that plasma cholesterol concentrations are sensitive to low levels of dietary cholesterol .

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1564-1567
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• 2002

Influence of dietary sesame meal on plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and urea concentrations in goats was examined. Goats were fed a control diet (50% timothy hay and 50% concentrates) (CD) or a sesame meal diet (50% timothy hay, 25% concentrates and 25% sesame meal) (SMD) during 12 days. Blood samples were taken after overnight fasting and afternoon every day. Body weight was not changed by feeding either CD or SMD. The concentrations of plasma triglyceride and urea were higher (p<0.05) in goats fed SMD than those fed CD. Plasma NEFA concentration was higher in plasma samples after overnight fasting. Plasma glucose concentration in plasma samples collected afternoon was higher than those after overnight fasting. Plasma total cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by feeding SMD but not by feeding CD, which was due to the remarkable increase of plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration. In conclusion, dietary sesame meal brought about an increase in plasma total cholesterol concentration accompanied with an increment in plasma HDL-cholesterol consentration in goats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 1993

To investigate the effects mustard leaf(Brassica Juncea) on Cholesterol metabolism, male Sprague Dawley rate were fed semipurified diets containing 2% or 4% mustard leaf with or without cholesterol for 5 weeks. Plasma cholesterol content decreased significantly by feeding 4% mustard leaf with of without cholesterol for 5 weeks. Plasma cholesterol content decreased significantly by feeding 4% mustard leaf in rats fed 1% cholesterol in the diet. In addition, HDL-cholesterol increased slightly by the feeding of mustard leaf, resulting in a significant increase in the HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio and a reduction of atherosclerotic index. However, levels of plasma lipids were not influenced by mustared leaf in rats fed cholesterol-free diet. The contents of all classes of lipid in liver increased by dietary cholesterol. Of the liver lipids, triglyceride and cholesterol ester were accumulated most, showing a fatty liver synodrome. Supplementation of mustard leaf to cholesterol-containing diet resulted in a slight decrease in neutral lipid contents of liver. Fecal cholesterol excretion was higher by more than 2.7 and 3.3-fold in rats fed 2 and 4% mustard leaf than in control rats fed cholesterol. Similar trends were found in fecal bile salt excretion; rats fed and 4% mustard leaf excreted more bile salts by more than 1.5 and 2% than those fed control diet containing cholesterol. In summary, mustard leaf may have an antiatherogenci effect of reducing plasma cholesterol level and increasing HDL-cholesterol level. The plasma cholesterol lowering effect of mustard leaf is suggested to be due, at least in part, to increase in fecal excretion of cholesterol and bile acids.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.132-138
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate hypocholesteroloemic effect of garlic and onion in rats fed basal diet or cholesterol supplemented diets. Thirty Sprague Dawley rats were fed basal diet and 30 rats were fed basal diet plus 0.5% cholesterol, both containing none(control), 3% garlic or 3% onion for 4 weeks. Supplementation of 0.5% cholesterol significantly increased plasma and liver cholesterols(p<0.01) and liver triglyceride(TG) and plasma glucose(p<0.05). Plasma total cholesterol was significantly decreased in both garlic and onion groups compared to control when they were fed cholesterol supplemented diet(p<0.05). Plasm TG wa significantly decreased in onion groups regardless cholesterol supplementation (p<0.05). There were no differences in plasma glucose and HDL-cholesterol and liver total cholesterol and TG among groups in both basal and choleserol supplemented diets. Platelet aggregation was rather increased in onion group but not singnificantly different.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.685-694
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• 1998

This cross-sectional study was conducted to describe the changes of plasma cardiovascular disease(CVD) risk factors in Korea. Overnight fasting plasma levels of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein(HDL)-cholesterol, triacylglycerol and glucose were analyzed. Blood pressure and anthropometric data were also measured. Health practice factors such as smoking status, alcohol consumption and frequency fo exercise were evaluated by a self-administered questionnaire. Questions regarding dietary habits and food preferences were also asked. Seventy eight percent of the subjects had more than one CVD risk factor. Plasma total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and fasting blood glucose were significantly increased according to the subjects body mass index$(kg/m^2$, BMI), whereas HDL-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein(LDL)-cholesterol and blood pressure showed no significant differences with BMI. Current smokers had significantly high plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. Alcohol consumption significantly increased plasma total cholesterol and fasting blood sugar, but regular exercise had no effects on the plasma CVD risk factors. Overeating and frequency of fast food consumption were positively correlated with the CVD risk score, whereas intake of grains, meats and vegetables were negatively correlated with that score. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of specific dietary factors on plasma lipid levels. For plasma total cholesterol level, the frequency of fast food intake explained 8% of the variance, followed by habitual overeating, frequency of grain intake and high cholesterol food intake(Model $R^2$=22.4%). For plasma triacylglycerol level, preference of oily foods accounted for 7.5% of the variance, followed by eating breakfast, preference of fruit and frequency of grain intake(Model $R^2$=22.0%). The findings suggest that intervention programs to reduce the risk of CVD should focus on health practice through reducing BMI, smoking cessation and moderate or no alcohol drinking. Moreover, desirable dietary habits such as eating breakfast, not overeating and reduced intake of fast food may improve CVD risk.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.281-289
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• 1984

The present studies were designed to observe the effects of both dietary fat levels and P/S ratio on lipid components in plasma and tissues of young rats when cholesterol was supplemented at 1%(w/w) to four dietary groups providing total fat as 10%( LF ) or 45% ( HF ) of calories and P/S ratio as 0.2 or 4.0, Low Fat-0.2 : Low Fat-4.0 : High Fat-0.2 : High Fat-4.0. Plasma total cholesterol was increased almost to the same level in all dietary groups after the cholesterol supplement but the value of HF -0.2 was slightly higher than that of LF -0.2. Plasma TG was also increased in all dietary groups when cholesterol was supplemented but was more significantly increased in LF group than in HF group. HDL-cholesterol was slightly increased by cholesterol supplement but there was no effect by the total dietary fat level of previous diet. However, plasma HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol and TG levels were slightly reduced in high fat diet of P/S 4.0. Total cholesterol per g -liver was higher in HF group than in LF group before and after cholesterol supplement even though it was increased more in LF group with cholesterol addition. Liver cholesterol was also higher in rats fed diets of P/S 4.0 at high fat level before and after cholesterol supplement. In contrast, total cholesterol per g-muscle was reduced by cholesterol supplement in all groups and it was significantly higher in LF than in HF. There was no significant effect in liver TG by total fat level and P/S ratio when cholesterol was supplemented. Muscle TG was lowered in all groups by cholesterol supplement but no effect by total fat level and P/S ratio.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 1994

This study was conducted to evaluate dietary fat intake and its effect on the plasma lipids and fatty acids composition in plasma and red blood cells(RBC) in 96 healthy Korean female college student. Three-day food intakes were recorded, and fasting blood samples were collected and analyzed for plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride. Fatty acid compositions were determined in plasma and RBC membrane. Oleic acid was the most abundant in diet, followed by palmitic and linoleic acids. Mean daily intake of cholesterol was 219$\pm$127mg, mean plasma cholesterol was 160$\pm$24mg/이 and mean plasma triglyceride was 68$\pm$25mg/dl. Plasma fatty acids were mostly composed of linoleic, palmitic and oleic acids, while palmitic, stearic and arachidonic acids were high in RBC membrane. Plasma triglyceride showed positive correlation with BMI. Among dietary fatty acids, arachidonic acid, EPA and DHA showed negative correlation with plasma total cholesterol. Plasma triglyceride levels were negatively correlated with dietary arachidonic acid, plasma n-6 fatty acids and plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids. Dietary EPA and DHA levels were positively correlated with plasma EPA, dietary n-3/n-6 ratio were positively correlated with plasma n-3 fatty acids and n-3/n-6 ratio. Highly significant correlations were shown between the levels in plasma and RBC for several fatty acids.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.197-199
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of garlic vinegar supplementation on changes in body weight, blood glucose and serum triglyceride and cholesterol. Rats were fed a cholesterol-diet with or without garlic vinegar (20% garlic juice )supplement for 28days. Body weights in rats fed a diet containing garlic vinegar were significantly lower than those of control rats. The concentration of plasma glucose, total cholesterol . LDL-cholesterol , and HDL-cholesterol were not significantly different between the two groups for a period of up to four weeks. However, the concentration of plasma triglyceride was slightly decreased in the garlic vinegar-supplemented group. Results suggest that the supplementation of garlic vinegar is beneficial for weight reduction in high-cholesterol fed rats.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2001

A cross-sectional study to determine dietary intake and plasma triglyceride total cholesterol LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol of 185K Korean men was conducted across three different age groups The younger group (age 21 to 34) was significantly (p<0.001) taller but showed lower (p<0.05) percent body fat than the older group (age 45 to 60) Weight and body mass index was not different among age groups. Older men showed significantly(p<0.01) lower energy and total fat intake than younger men Besides macronutrients, most participants consumed an adequate amount of micronutrients but calcium consumption of the middle age group (age 35 to 44) was less than 75% of RDA In older men plasma triglyceride(207.8$\pm$155.5 mg/dl) total cholesterol (201.4$\pm$40.0 mg/dl) and LDL-cholesterol(106.0$\pm$32.7 mg/dl) concentrations were significantly hight(p<0.001) than in younger men wereas no significant difference was observed in HDL-cholesterol concentration Subjects with a higher BMI(bMI$\geq$25.0) showed significantly higher (p<0.001) triglyceride(200.2$\pm$107.6 mg/dl) total cholesterol(211.0$\pm$40.1 mg/dl) LDC-cholesterol(118.16$\pm$35.5 mg/dl) concentrations and lower(p=0.001) HCL-cholesterol concentration (52.8$\pm$15.9 mg/dl) than subjects with lower BMI(BMI<23.0) Dietary intake of fat cholesterol did not show significant associations with any of the plasma lipid profiles. However, anima fat intake was significantly (p<0.05) correlated with plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the older age group. On the hand percent body fat was correlated (p<0.05) with all of the plasma lipid and lipoprotin concentrations examined for all age groups Results indicate both dietary intake and percent body fat are important determinants of the plasma lipid concentrations is the elderly but only percent body fat or body mass could be valid predictors for the plasma lipid concentrations of the younger age group.