• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.445-451
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is positively associated with atherosclerosis via elevating macrophage cell death and plaque formation, in which oxidative stress plays a pivotal role. Antioxidative, lipid-lowering, and anti-atherogenic effects of kimchi, a Korean fermented vegetable, have been established, wherein capsaicin, ascorbic acid, quercetin, 3-(4'-hydroxyl-3',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid, and lactic acids were identified. In this study, mechanisms of action of kimchi methanol extracts (KME) on fatty streak formation via suppression of ER stress and apoptosis in aorta were examined in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice fed a high cholesterol diet with an oral administration of KME (KME group, $200 mg{\cdot}kg-bw^{-1}{\cdot}day^{-1}$) or distilled water (control group) for 8 weeks (n = 20 for group). Plasma lipid and oxidative stress levels were evaluated. Protein expression was measured by western blot assay. Fatty streak lesion size and the degree of apoptosis were examined in the aorta. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, in the KME group, plasma lipids levels were decreased and oxidative stress was alleviated (P < 0.05). Protein expression levels of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2-mediated antioxidants in aorta were increased whereas those for ER stress markers, glucose regulated protein 78, phospho-protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase, phospho-eukaryotic initiation factor 2 subunit ${\alpha}$, X-box binding protein 1, and C/EBP homologous protein were decreased in the KME group (P < 0.05). Moreover, apoptosis was suppressed via downregulation of phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase, bcl-2-associated X protein, caspases-9, and -3 with a concomitant upregulation of anti-apoptotic protein, B-cell lymphoma 2 (P < 0.05). Fatty streak lesion size was reduced and the degree of apoptosis was less severe in the KME group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, antioxidant activity of KME might prevent fatty streak formation through, in part, inhibition of ER stress and apoptosis in aortic sinus where macrophages are harbored.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.284-294
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• 2006

Statement of problem. Proliferation of Candida albicans is primarily within the plaque on the fitting surface of the denture rather than on the inflamed mucosa. Consequently, the treatment of the denture is equally important as treatment of the tissue. Cleansing and disinfection should be efficiently carried-out as the organisms can penetrate into the voids of the acrylic resin and grow in them, from which they can continue to infect and reinfect bearing tissues. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the applicability of photocatalytic reaction to eliminate Candida albicans from acrylic resin denture base, and to investigate the anti-fungal effect with various UVA illumination time. Materials and Methods. The specimens were cured by the conventional method following the manufacturer's instruction using thermal polymerized denture base resin (Vertex RS: Dentimex, Netherlands). $TiO_2$ photocatalyst sol(LT), which is able to be coated at normal temperature, was made from the Ti-alkoxide progenitor. The XRD patterns, TEM images and nitrogen absorption ability of the $TiO_2$ photocatalyst sol(LT) were compared with the commercial $TiO_2$ photocatalyst P-25. The experimental specimens were coated with the mixture of the $TiO_2$ photocatalyst sol(LT) and binder material (silane) using dip-coater, and uncoated resin plates were used as the control group. Crystallinity of $TiO_2$ of the specimen was tested by the XRD. Size, shape and chemical compositions were also analyzed using the FE-SEM/ EDS. The angle and methylene blue degradation efsciency were measured for evaluating the photocatalytic activity of the $TiO_2$ film. Finally, the antifungal activity of the specimen was tested. Candida albicans KCTC 7629(1 ml, initial concentration $10^5$ cells/ ml) were applied to the experiment and control group specimens and subsequently two UVA light source with 10W, 353 nm peak emission were illuminated to the specimens from 15cm above. The extracted $2{\mu}l$ of sample was plated on nutrient agar plate ($Bacto^{TM}$ Brain Heart Infusion; BD, USA) with 10 minute intervals for 120 minute, respectively. It was incubated for 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$ and the colony forming units (CFUs) were then counted. Results. Compared the characteristics of LT photocatalyst with commercial P-25 photocatalyst, LT were shown higher activity than P-25. The LT coated experimental specimen surface had anatase crystal form, less than 20 nm of particle size and wide specific surface area. To evaluate the photocatalytic activity of specimens, methylene blue degradation reaction were used and about 5% of degradation rate were measured after 2 hours. The average contact angle was less than $20^{\circ}$ indicating that the LT photocatalyst had hydrophilicity. In the antifungal activity test for Candida albicans, 0% survival rate were measured within 30 minute after irradiation of UVA light. Conclusion. From the results reported above, it is concluded that the UVA-LT photocatalytic reaction have an antifungal effect on the denture surface Candida albicans, and so that could be applicable to the clinical use as a cleaning method.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.61-78
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• 1997

PDGF-BB has been recognized as a highly potential growth factor for guided tissue regeneration in periodontal defect. This study carried out histologic and histometric evaluation of $200ng/cm^2$ PDGF-BB loaded bioresorbable membrane made from polyglycolic and polylactic acid. It was tested for its biocompatibility, ability to prevent epithelial downgrowth and amount of periodontal regeneration. Without membrane and PDGF-BB unloaded bioresorbable membrane were used as control. Healthy six beagle dogs were used. Each dog was anesthetized and buccal flaps were reflected in the mandibular and maxillary premolar areas. Buccal alveolar bone between the mesiobuccal and distobuccal line angles was surgically removed on the lower 2nd and 4th premolar in mandible, 2nd premolar in maxilla, to a level 4mm apical to the cementoenamel junction with creating a Class II buccal furcation defect for available space. Care was taken not to remove the root cementum layer and rubber impression materials were placed over each surgically created defect. Flaps were repositioned and sutured. Reconstructive surgery was performed 1 month after defect preparation. PDGF-BB loaded membranes and controls were randomly placed on maxillary 2nd premolars and mandibular 2nd and 4th premolars. Plaque control regimen was instituted with daily brushing with a 0.1% chlorhexidine digluconate during experimental periods. The animals were sacrificed 2 and 5 weeks after surgery and undecalcified specimens were prepared for histologic evaluation. The degree of coronal regrowth of new bone, new cementum and the amonut of new bone areas formed on the defected area of the PDGF-BB loaded membrnae turned superior to without membrane and drug unloaded membrane. Experimental membrane could prevent the epithelial downgrowth irrespective of drug loaded or not and showed good biocompatiblity, These results implicated that PDGF-BB loaded bioresorbable membrane could be highly useful tool for guided tissue regeneration of periodontal defects.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.539-548
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• 1997

부정교합의 치료를 위한 고정식 교정장치는 치아 이동에는 매우 효율적이지만 치면 세균막 관리는 어렵게 된다. 이에 따라 치태 및 세균이 증가하고 결과적으론, 치아우식 및 치아표면의 탈회등 부작용이 발생하게 된다. 본 연구에선 고정식 교정장치로 치료받는 환자에게서 탈회 및 치아우식을 낮추기 위한 방법으로, 0.05%의 NaF와 10% Xylito띠 함유된 양치액의 효과를 평가하고자 하는데 그 목적이 있다. 고정식 교정장치로 치료받는 환자 11세부터 14세까지(평균 연령 12.7세) 20명을 대상으로 하여 각 10명씩 실험군과 대조군으로 구분하였다. 실험군에선 0.05%의 NaF와 10% Xylitol이 함유된 양치액을 사용하게 하였으며, 대조군에선 증류수를 주로한 placebo 양치액을 사용하게 하였다. 양치액 사용전과 사용 후 3주, 6주, 9주시 치태를 채취하여 MSB배지 및 BHI배지에 배양하여 S. mutans의 수와 비율의 변화를 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 0.05%의 NaF와 10%의 Xylitol이 함유된 양치액을 사용한 군에서 S. mutans C.F.U.의 수는 양치액 사용전과 3주(p<0.01), 9주 (p<0.05)에서 통계적 유의차가 있었다. 2. Total C.F.U.에 대한 S. mutans C.F.U.의 비율은 실험군에서 사용전과 3주, 6주, 9주(p<0.01)에서 통계적 유의차가 있었다. 3. 양치액 사용후 일단 감소한 S. mutans 수는 그 후에 3주, 6주, 9주에서 계속적인 유의성 있는 감소는 없었다. 4. 실험군과 대조군에서의 S. mutans C.F.U.의 가장 현저한 감소의 차이는 양치액 사용 3주째였다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.455-467
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• 2006

Demand for appropriate health care has gradually increased in Korea. In addition, developments of community- and school-based oral health programs have also focused oral health care for the oral health promotion. Especially, school-based oral health programs are the underpinnings of promoting oral health and preventing oral diseases among schoolchildren. School-based oral health programs have had three major components: oral health education, oral health services, and a healthful environments. These included oral health education(one-to-one communication, group communication, and use of mass communication), oral examination, fluoride mouthrinsing, pit-and-fissure sealants, fluoride gel application, mechanical plaque control, and chewing xylitol candy. In this study, we evaluate the effects of oral health programs among primary schoolchildren by comparing the oral health knowledge, oral health behaviors, and perception of caries prevention procedures. Data for this study were obtained from 699 primary schoolchildren at the two primary school in Daegu, Korea. One is experimental group, N primary school, that was established school-based oral health center under supervision of Nam-gu Public Health Center, the other is control group, N' primary school, that was yet to establish school-based oral health center. We surveyed children's oral health knowledge and behaviors, and perception of caries prevention procedures using self-administrated questionnaire and then analyzed differences of each item among two groups. The brief findings of this study were summarized as follows. There are several advantage to a comprehensive school-based oral health program. (1) School-based oral health programs facilitate and increase the effectiveness of teaching oral health subjects. (2) Schoolchildren are available for prevention or treatment procedure. (3) School-based oral health center may be less threating than private dental clinic. (4) With comprehensive school-based oral health programs the decayed, missing, and filled teeth(DMFT) of schoolchildren should demonstrate a substantial and steady decrease over time(Choi et al, 2004). In conclusion, treatment is not the answer to solving children's oral health programs; rather primary prevention is the key. Many countries and communities are focusing on hoe millions of underprivileged children can be provided with health care. Schoolchildren gain the knowledge and behaviors to attain and maintain good oral health in schools. For these reasons, the role of school-based oral health center is not only important but also a necessity.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2000

It is difficult to treat the endodontic apical perforation successfully. In this study, we hypothesized that the application of PDGF-BB and IGF-I into periapical perforation site may accelerate periapical healing and lead to bone deposition. And the specificity of osteonectin in periapical healing was investigated. The experiments were performed on the upper and lower 51 premolar teeth of 4 beagle dogs. The pulp chamber of each tooth was opened and the dental plaque was inserted into the canal for developing the periapical lesion for 5 weeks. Then, the roots were artificially perforated at the apex with the number 4 profile of .06 taper. In each step, standard periapical radiographs were taken to compare the size of lesion each other. The radiographs were scanned and analyzed by image analysis system. The mean and standard deviation of periradicular radiolucency ratios were calculated in each group. ANOVA was used for comparison. 51 premolars were grouped into 3 groups; control group, calcium hydroxide-treated group and calcium hydroxide plus growth factors-treated group. In the control group, the apical perforations were not sealed and obturated with gutta-percha and ZOE sealer by lateral condensation technique. In the experimental groups, the apical perforation were sealed with calcium hydroxide and with/without $4{\mu}g$ of PDGF-BB & IGF-I in cellulose gel and obturated by lateral condensation technique. Fluorescent bone markers were used to measure new bone formation. Following 2, 4, 12 weeks after experiment the dogs were sacrificed and histologic sections were prepared. Each tooth block including periapical lesion was sectioned mesiodistally. One half of the sections were decalcified with 6% nitric acid and processed by standard paraffin embedding technique. The sections were stained by hematoxylin and eosin, and immunostained for osteonectin. Histomorphometrical measurement of neoformed bone was performed using a light microscope. And the other half of the sections were prepared by undecalcified preparation, and confocal laser scanning microscopic investigations were done.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and microbiological efficacy of adjunctive local delivery of minocycline (Periocline^®) in patients receiving supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) after initial treatment. Methods: The participants were 16 men and 8 women (age, 20-65 years) who had at least 15 natural teeth, underwent SPT for more than 1 year due to chronic periodontitis, had 4 or more periodontal pocket sites deeper than 5 mm, and showed >25% gingival bleeding on probing (BoP). They were randomly assigned to the test and control groups. In the test group, mechanical debridement and local antibiotic delivery were performed for all periodontal sulci/pockets; in the control group, mechanical debridement and saline irrigation were performed. In patients who underwent SPT for more than 1 year, clinical and microbiological examinations were performed at baseline and 1 and 3 months after SPT. The clinical examination included an assessment of the periodontal pocket depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index, and BoP. Microbial tests were performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction; the relative ratios of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum were determined. Results: Both groups showed significant improvements in clinical parameters at 1 and 3 months from baseline; there were no significant changes between months 1 and 3. Intergroup differences were insignificant. The microbiological analysis revealed no significant differences in P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum ratios across time points. While intergroup differences were insignificant, there was a tendency for the P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum ratios to decrease in the test group. Conclusions: Mechanical debridement in patients receiving maintenance therapy resulted in clinically significant improvement; the effectiveness of additional local delivery of antibiotics was not significant. The ratios of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum showed a tendency to decrease in the test group, although it was not significant.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.442-448
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• 2016

본 연구는 구강보건교육에 대한 경험, 계속구강건강관리 프로그램 필요성과 참여 의향을 알아보기 위해 2016년 6월 1일부터 8월 3일까지 대전광역시에서 거주하며 치과에서 1회 이상 진료를 받은 경험이 있는 만 19세 이상 성인 중 303명을 편의추출하여 설문조사하였다. 그 결과, 3회 이상 이를 닦는 대상자는 72.6%였으며 구강보조용품을 사용하는 대상자는 55.8%였고 칫솔질 시간이 2분 이상인 대상자는 55.8%였다. 치면착색제 경험은 1일 칫솔질 횟수에 영향을 미쳤으며 치면착색제 경험, 칫솔질 교육, 구강보조용품 사용 교육, 치주질환 예방 교육은 구강보조용품 사용과 1회 칫솔질 시간에 영향을 미쳤다. 계속구강건강관리 프로그램이 필요하다고 생각하는 대상자는 93.1%였으며 계속구강건강관리 프로그램 참여의향은 68.0%였다. 계속구강건강관리 프로그램 1회 참여비용은 1만원 이상 2만원 미만이 70.3%로 가장 많았으며 관리주기는 6개월이 42.6%로 가장 많았다. 계속구강건강관리 프로그램 요구도는 구강세균검사 74.3%, 칫솔질 교육 71.6%, 구취검사 69.3%, 구강보조용품 교육 46.9%, 치면세균막검사 42.9%, 타액검사 37.6% 순이었다. 계속구강건강관리 프로그램 필요성 인지에 영향을 미치는 요인은 고졸 이하에 비해 대졸 이상 4.514배, 구강보조용품을 사용하지 않은 군에 비해 사용하는 군이 2.878배, 칫솔질 시간이 2분 미만군에 비해 2분 이상군이 3.138배 필요성 인지가 높았다. 계속구강건강관리 프로그램 참여 의향에 영향을 미치는 요인은 치주질환 예방 교육 경험이 없는 군에 비해 예방교육 경험이 있는 군이 1.915배 높았으며 구강보조용품 사용을 하지 않는 군에 비해 사용하는 군이 2.065배 높았다. 따라서, 치과에 내원하는 환자에게 지속적으로 구강보건교육을 하는 것이 계속구강건강관리 프로그램에 참여율을 높일 수 있다고 생각되었다. 또한, 구강세균검사나 구취검사 등이 성인 계속구강건강관리 프로그램에 포함되는 것이 추천되며 계속구강건강관리 프로그램이 본인이 부담할 수 있는 적정 비용 수준으로 보험 급여화될 수 있도록 제안해야 한다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.407-419
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• 2002

죽상경화증은 지방, 대식세포나 평활근세포와 같은 세포, 그리고 extracellular matrix(ECM)의 점진적인 축적이 특징적인 만성 염증성 혈관 질환이다. Matrix metalloprotenases(MMPs)와 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases(TIMs)는 죽상경화증에서 혈관의 ECM의 분해와 재모델링에 관여하며, cytokines는 MMPs와 TIMPs의 합성이나 활성화에 관여하는 것으로 보고된 바 있다. 대상 및 방법： 연구 대상으로는 체중 2.0~2.5 kg의 생후 1개월 된 뉴질랜드산 수토끼를 선택하였으며, 10 마리는 12주 동안 1% 콜레스테롤 식이를 투여한 후 실험군으로 이용하였으며, 나머지 10마리는 표준 실험실 식이를 먹여 대조군으로 이용하였다. 12주간 사육 후 토끼를 희생시켰으며, 생존한 실험군 9 마리와 대조군 10 마리의 대동맥과 관상동맥에서 H&E 염색, 면역조직화학 염색, immunoblotting, bioassay의 방법으로 MMP-9, TIMP-2, IL-18의 발현 및 IL-6의 생물학적 활성도를 조사하였다. 결과： 실험군의 혈청 콜레스테롤은 1258$\pm$262mg/dL로 대조군의 41$\pm$7mg/dL에 비하여 유의하게 증가하였다. 실험군의 전예에서 대동맥과 관상동맥에 죽상경화반이 잘 형성되었으며, 실험군의 대 동맥 내막의 두께는 0.31$\pm$0.1mm로 대조군의 0.01mm에 비해 유의하게 증가하였다. 죽상경화반에서 실험군의 MMP-9의 발현은 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 증가하였으며, 내막의 파열이나 관상동맥의 내강 폐쇄가 있었던 증례에서는 더욱 강한 MMP-9의 발현을 관찰할 수 있었다. TIMP-2는 실험군의 일부에서 약한 발현을 보였으나 대조군과 유의한 차이가 없었다. 실험군과 대조군에서 측정한 IL-6의 생물학적 활성도는 각각 4819.60$\pm$2021.25, 27.20$\pm$12.19IU/mL로서 실험군에서 유의한 증가를 보였으며, 면역조직화학 염색에 의한 IL-18의 발현은 대조군에서는 발현되지 않았으나, 실험군은 전예에서 발현을 보였다. 결론： MMP-9의 증가된 발현과 TIMP-2의 무변화로 인한 MMPs/TIMPs의 불균형은 죽상경화성 병변에서 ECM의 분해와 경화반의 불안정화를 촉진시킬 수 있는 것으로 보인다. 또한 내막의 파열이 관찰된 증례에서의 더욱 증가된 MMP-9은 경화반의 파열과 관련있는 것으로 생각된다. IL-6의 생물학적 활성도의 증가 및 IL-18의 발현은, IL-6와 IL-18이 죽상경화증의 표지자일 뿐만 아니라 MMP-9의 분비 또는 활성화에 관여하여 죽상경화증의 진행과 경화반의 불안정성 등에 활발히 참여하는 cytokines임을 시사하는 소견으로 보인다. MMPs, TIMPs, cytokines등의 조절 과정을 밝혀내는 것은 죽상경화증의 세포, 분자적인 병리기전을 이해하는 데에 도움을 줄 것이며, 죽상 경화증의 치료 또는 합병증을 예방할 수 있는 기전을 확립하는 데에 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2011

본 연구는 경기도 C치과의원에서 2010년 1월부터 12월까지 1년 동안 18-24개월에 해당되는 293명의 영유아 구강검진 결과표와 부모가 작성한 문진표를 토대로 구강건강상태와 구강건강행태 및 우식성 식품섭취가 우식치와 탈회치에 미치는 영향을 조사하였으며, 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 18-20개월 영유아는 탈회치의 비율이 36.4%로 높고, 23-24개월 영유아는 우식치의 비율이 37.0%로 높게 나타났다. 2. 우유병을 뗀 여부는 탈회치와 우식치의 발생에 관련이 있다(p<.001). 3. 구강상태에서 썩은치아와 뿌연치아에 대해 부모가 인지하는 것으로 나타났다. 4. 식품군 중에서 2군(탄산음료/청량음료/가당 과일 쥬스)이 탈회치와 우식치와 관련이 있다(p<.001), 4군(케이크/과자/도우넛/말린과일/바나나), 5군(캐러멜/사탕류/초코렛바)은 탈회치와 관련이 있다(p<.001). 5. 구강검진 결과, 치아치료는 21-22개월(89.3%)에서, 예방치료와 치면세균막 제거는 18-20개월(94.5%)에서 가장 높게 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 통해 보면, 생후 18-24개월은 구강건강관리에 주의를 요하는 시기이므로 영유아 검진시에 부모의 체계화된 구강보건교육이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.