• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.264-272
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• 2007

The purpose of study was to improve the oral hygiene methods for early childhood. The author investigated the oral hygiene materials for early childhood and the oral hygiene methods used by 672 caregivers in Iksan city. The oral hygiene materials were oral tissue, finger brush, toothbrush sets according to the growth stages, electric toothbrush, child toothbrush, toothpaste sets according to the growth stages including eatable toothpaste, and child toothpaste, The rate of caregivers who used each materials was 62.5% for oral tissue, 70.9% for finger brush, 55.9% for toothbrush sets, and 87.4% for eatable tooth-paste. 79.0% of caregivers began toothbrushing from first eruption and about 1 year of age. The rate of swallowing toothpaste was 22% before 48 months, 9% from 48 to 59 months, and 3% after 60 months. The rate of children brushed by caregivers was 52% before 48 months, 42% from 48 to 59 months, and 26% after 60 months. The basic method of oral hygiene management for early childhood is to remove the dental plaque by toothbrushing, and the toothpaste may be used. Suffocation, accidental swallowing, and injury to the throat must be avoided. Generally, the fluoride toothpaste is not recommended before 3 years of age. The least amount of fluoride toothpaste should be used and caregivers should supervise children to prevent the swallowing of toothpaste.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.805-812
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to examine the association between diabetes mellitus and community periodontal index in Korean adults. Methods: The study populations were recruited by the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Study subjects were 10,411 who were examined oral examination, blood test, and aged over 19 years. Using multiple logistic regression analyses, the variables were adjusted for gender, age, household income, family history of diabetes, body mess index, smoking habit, and frequency of tooth brushing. Periodontal tissue examination of the subjects was performed and scored by Community periodontal index(CPI). Using probe, six teeth were examined for hemorrhage, plaque, and pocket depth and classified into $CPI_0$, $CPI_1$, $CPI_2$, $CPI_3$ and $CPI_4$. Healthy periodontal groups($CPI_{0-2}$) and periodontal disease groups($CPI_{3-4}$) were divided by the periodontal disease status. The definition of diabetes mellitus(DM) was decided by the diagnosis by the doctors and fasting blood sugar level. Those who were diagnosed as DM were included in DM group. The DM variables included normal blood sugar level, increased fasting blood sugar level, and DM blood sugar level. The DM variables were compared to periodontal disease blood sugar level and analyzed. Results: The periodontitis prevalence rate was 23.2%. Those who had diabetes mellitus accounted for 5.5% of the subjects. Those who had impaired fasting glucose accounted for 17.7% and 7.9% of subjects were diabetes mellitus by blood test. In the confirmed diabetes group by doctor, the periodontitis prevalence rate was significantly higher than the non-diabetic group. Diabetic group by blood test had the highest prevalence rate of periodontitis than those who had impaired fasting glucose group or normal group. After adjusting for gender, age, household income, family history of diabetes, body mass index, smoking habit, and frequency of tooth brushing, the risk of periodontitis in diagnosed diabetes mellitus was 1.57 times(95% CI; 1.27-1.94) higher than the normal group. In impaired fasting glucose group and diabetes mellitus group by blood test, the risk of periodontitis was 1.11 times(95% CI; 0.95-1.30) and 1.45 times(95% CI; 1.45-2.12) higher, respectively. Conclusions: There was a significant relationship between diabetes mellitus and periodontitis in Korean adults. These results suggest that diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for periodontitis.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.235-244
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• 1996

We selected the adequate cell line to be used for propagation and plaquing of R. tsutsugamushi in laboratory and identified R. tsutsugamushi serotype cultured in LuMA cells by nested PCR. As in this study, we concluded that. 1. LuMA cell was suitable for the study of the biology of rickettsiae-host cell interaction. 2. The plaque-forming unit (PFU) per ml of R. tsutsugamushi Karp strain propagated in embryonated egg yolk sacs was $10^{8.8}$ and the PFU/ml of Gilliam strain was $10^{7.1}$. 3. The rate and extent of cytopathic changes depended on the PFU titer of R. tsutsugamushi. 4. PCR with nested primer pairs was useful for identification of R. tsutsugamushi serotype cultured in human embryonic lung cells.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.254-261
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• 1996

Attenuated varicella-zoster virus (VZV) was propagated in human lung fibroblast (HLF) cells Among media tested in this work, DMEM was the best medium for the growth of HLF cells. Because HLF was a normal finite cell line, cell growth late was dependent on the age of HLF cells. When the population doubling level (PDL) was higher than 46, apoptosis of HLF cells started and cell growth rate decreased. The optimum temperature for the cell growth and virus propagation in the T-flask culture was $37^{\circ}C$. In a microcarrier culture system in which Cytodex-3 was used for the VZV propagation in spinner vessels, the yield of plaque forming cells was lower than that in the T-flask culture. The relatively high shear environment near microcarriers was thought to cause the low yield of VZV in the microcarrier culture system.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.36-46
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• 1988

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of different protein and fat levels on the growth and on immune response in rats. In experiment 1, Sprague-Dawly male rats were fed diets containing 6%, 15%, or 30% casein with 2 levels of fat(2% and 30%) at each protein level. In experiment 2 and 3, rats were devided into 8 diet groups ; 4 different sources of proteins(casein, meat protein, fish protein, and gluten) were used at 15% level of the diet with 2% or 30% of dietary fat. The results show as follows 1) The rats in 6% casein group showed lower body weight gain and organ weight than those in 15% and 30% casein groups. There was no significant difference between 15% and 30% casein groups. In experiment 2, the gluten diet group showed the lowest growth rate and epididymal fat pad weight among 4 different dietary protein groups regardless the level of dietary fat. 2) There was no significant difference in immune response according to the sources and levels of dietary protein. However, the rats fed high fat diet showed the lower plaque-forming cell response than those fed low fat diet regardless dietary protein.

• 대한핵의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.205-208
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• 1999

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) remains limited by restenosis that occurs in 30 to 50% of patients with coronary artery disease. During the last decade, numerous agents have been used to prevent restenosis. Despite positive results in animal models, no pharmacological therapy has been found to significantly decrease the risk of restenosis in humans. These discrepancies between animal models and clinical situation were probably related to an incomplete understanding of the mechanism of restenosis. Neointimal thickening occurs in response to experimental arterial injury with a balloon catheter. Neointimal formation involves different steps: smooth muscle cell activation, proliferation and migration, and the production of extracellular matrix. The factors that control neointimal hyperplasia include growth factors, humoral factors and mechanical factors. Arterial remodeling also plays a major role in the restenosis process. Studies performed in animal and human subjects have established the potentials for "constrictive remodeling" to reduce the post-angioplasty vessel area, thereby indirectly narrowing the vessel lumen and thus contributing to restenosis. The reduction of restenosis rate in patients with intracoronary stent implantation has been attributed to the preventive effect of stent itself for this negative remodeling. In addition to these mochanisms for restenosis, intraluminal or intra-plaque thrombus formation, reendothelialization and apoptosis theories have been introduced and confirmed at least in part.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was performed to provide the basic data for oral health of infants, through the comparison of Streptococcus mutans activities(the representative bacteria of initial dental caries), in main nutritional foods for infants: breast milk, milk powder, and soya milk. Methods : The study targeted 30 infants and the saliva was sampled after the oral examination. The pH of sampled saliva was measured; and the sample of 'the saliva', 'the saliva and breast milk', and 'the saliva and formula milk' by researcher were produced; and the measurement was repeated 7 times. Results : As a result of examining the change of colony number of Streptococcus mutans by hour, the bacterial activity took in the source of nutrition took place in the first place; and in the group with dental caries, breast-feeding at night occurreds most frequently. Due to the combined activities, such as the increase in the contact time, the existence rate of dental caries appeared high. However, as the improvement of breast-feeding is closely related to the nutrition supply to babies, rather than the improvement of breast-feeding, the 12 hours after the culture in which Streptococcus mutans activities started was considered. Conclusions : In case of breast-feeding at night, it is necessary to remove the dental plaque in the mouth, before 12 hours has passed. Especially, using toothbrush and toothpaste to decrease the occurrence of dental caries, after the eruption of teeth, is recommended for oral administration.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.30-41
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• 2017

Inadequate keratinized mucosa around dental implants can lead to more plaque accumulation, tissue inflammation, marginal recession and attachment loss. We evaluated the effects of free gingival and extracellular matrix membrane grafts performed to increase the insufficient width of keratinized tissue around dental implants in the posterior mandible. A 47-year-old female patient presented with discomfort due to swelling of the lower right second premolar area. Due to severe destruction of alveolar bone, the tooth was extracted. After 3 months, a guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedure was performed and then a dental implant was placed 6 months later. During the second-stage implant surgery, free gingival grafting was performed to increase the width of the keratinized tissue. After 12 months, a clinical evaluation was performed. A 64-year-old female patient had a missing tooth area of bilateral lower molar region with narrow zone of keratinized gingiva and horizontal alveolar bone loss. Simultaneous implant placement and GBR were performed. Five months after the first-stage implant surgery, a gingival augmentation procedure was performed with an extracellular matrix membrane graft to improve the width of the keratinized tissue in the second-stage implant surgery. After 12 months, a clinical evaluation was performed. In these two clinical cases, 12 months of follow-up, revealed that the increased width of the keratinized tissue and the deepened oral vestibule was well maintained. A patient showed a good oral hygiene status. In conclusion, increased width of keratinized tissue around dental implants could improve oral hygiene and could have positive effects on the long-term stability and survival rate of dental implants. When planning a keratinized tissue augmentation procedure, clinicians should consider patient-reported outcomes.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.577-590
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite for patients who complained dental hypersensitivity. Before baseline of application of toothpaste with hydroxyapatite, tooth brushing instruction was done respectively and the several indices were measured at baseline, 2, 4, 8 weeks. Clinical indices were estimated, and responses to cold, compressive air, tactile stimulus were evaluated with verbal rating score. Relief effects and visual analogue scale were also evaluated. The results of this study were as follows 1. The occurrence rate of hypersensitivity in upper jaw was higher than that of lower jaws, and molar area showed more hypersensitivity than premolar and incisor area. Buccal site was hypersensitive followed by interproximal and lingual site. 2. Plaque index, gingival index and probing depth reduction were gradually improved after Tooth Brushing Instruction and using toothpaste. 3. Subjects showed most sensitive response to cold stimuli than compressive air and tactile stimuli. 4. The relief effect was increased during using tooth paste and complete relief was increased especially at 8 weeks. 5. Visual analogue scale was increased. In conclusion, it was confirmed that toothpaste containing microcrystalline hydroxyapatite have the relief effect of tooth hypersensitivity. During 8 weeks, stimulus responses were decreased and hypersensitivity relief effect was increased.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2016

Background: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) with selective shunting is the surgical method currently used to treat patients with carotid artery disease. We evaluated the incidence of major postoperative complications in patients who underwent CEA with selective shunting under transcranial Doppler (TCD) at our institution. Methods: The records of 45 patients who underwent CEA with TCD-based selective shunting under general anesthesia from November 2009 to June 2015 were reviewed. The risk factors for postoperative complications were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: Preoperative atrial fibrillation was observed in three patients. Plaque ulceration was detected in 10 patients (22.2%) by preoperative computed tomography imaging. High-level stenosis was observed in 16 patients (35.5%), and 18 patients had contralateral stenosis. Twenty patients (44.4%) required shunt placement due to reduced TCD flow or a poor temporal window. The 30-day mortality rate was 2.2%. No cases of major stroke were observed in the 30 days after surgery, but four cases of minor stroke were noted. Univariate analysis showed that preoperative atrial fibrillation (odds ratio [OR], 40; p=0.018) and ex-smoker status (OR, 17.5; p=0.021) were statistically significant risk factors for a minor stroke in the 30-day postoperative period. Analogously, multivariate analysis also found that atrial fibrillation (p<0.001) and ex-smoker status (p=0.002) were significant risk factors for a minor stroke in the 30-day postoperative period. No variables were identified as risk factors for 30-day major stroke or death. No wound complications were found, although one (2.2%) of the patients suffered from a hypoglossal nerve injury. Conclusion: TCD-based CEA is a safe and reliable method to treat patients with carotid artery disease. Preoperative atrial fibrillation and ex-smoker status were found to increase the postoperative risk of a small embolism leading to a minor neurologic deficit.