• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.331-342
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• 1990

Analysis of vegetation on the pavements and under the trees of streets in Seoul city were investigated from July to November 1989. All of the vascular herbs were 9 orders, 13 families, 30 genera, 37 species and 1 forma. Species diversity and evenness index were higher on the pavements than under the trees of streets. Eragrostis multicaulis with C-4 pathway was a dominant species, and next orders of importace values were Eleusine indica(C-4), Digitaria sanguinalis(C-4), Taraxacum officinale(C-3) and Erigeron annus(C-3). On the pavements and under the trees of streets, light intensity and surface temperature were very high, Also, these sites were affected by many kinds of human interferences. Therefore, it was an example of adaptation to specific ecological environments that C-4 plats were more dominant than C-3, growth forms of C-3 plants were rosette or prostrate, and annual or biennial plants were distributed in these studied sites. Generally, fruits types were grains, achens and capsules. Seeds were very small and some had appendages such as pappus.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.31-38
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• 2007

Streetscape plays on important role in urban cities. Characteristics of streets is basically defined by the building facade, signs, plants and paving during the daytime. However at night, street receives a new appearance due to the shop light from the buildings, exterior lightings, signboards and street light, and it creates most of the image of the streets. This study aims to analyze the luminous environment and its subjective image of two different pedestrian's commercial streets. Insa-dong street and Myungdong street were chosen for the study. Horizontal illuminance and luminance on building surface, advertisement billboards and pedestrian road were measured. Thirty students were asked to rate the five scaled questionnaire on their subjective images of the streets. Statistical analysis including profile, correlation and T-test are conducted and some findings are discussed

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.1 s.114
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• pp.1-9
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• 2006

The purposes of this study are to develop the concept and the measurement method of IGS(Index of Greenness in Streetscape) and to analyze the present condition of street environments through field surveys of IGS in Seoul. IGS is a new index which directly expresses human's perceptions of plants in a street and defined as the area ratio of which leaves of plants occupy in an eye-level view of a person standing on the center line of a street. In practice, IGS can be calculated from a photograph taken from a center point of a street at about 1.5 meter height from the ground with single lens reflex camera equiped with 50mm standard lens. The photograph must have a special composition in a way that the center point of the photograph is positioning at the visual vanishing point of street center line. Then the IGS can be calculated by computing the percentage of the area covered with the plant leaves in the photograph. Types of streets in Seoul were classified according to road functions into 4 types. We performed field surveys and calculated IGSs from 300 sample sites in Seoul. Followings summarize some of study results. The average IGSs for arterial roads, highways, alleys and back streets are 16.91%, 16.33%, 13.97% and 7.50% respectively. The difference of average IGS values between Ginkgo biloba and Platanus occidentalis was relatively large. From observation IGSs from April 4th, 2003 to October 2nd, 2003, it was evident that the range and timing of each plant species' IGS change is not the same. According to questionnaire to public officials taking charge of street greening, the current evaluated IGS is 24.4%, and it is expected to be 40.7% in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.15 no.E
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• pp.45-54
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• 1999

The effectiveness of NOx emission reductions from power plants to alleviate persistent ozone nonattainment in the esterm Unites States was investigated with a focus on the Northeast Corridor, centered on New York City. The 1995 ozone episode along with the 2007 base case emission scenario was used with the Variable-Grid Urban Airshed Model(UAM-V) to determine ozone concentrations. Several scenarios based on EPA's proposal issued on October 10, 1997 were examined. Although it is widely recognized that the eastern United States includes a large Nox-sensitive region(e.g., Sillman, 1999), the study revealed that reducing NOx emissions from power plants beyond 500 miles (800km) was not effective for reducing ozone exceedances in the region. It was also found that NOx emissions from power plants play an important role in local ozone exceedances.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.2 s.115
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• pp.26-35
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• 2006

The purpose of this research is to suggest the planting methods and the reasonable target levels of IGS for promoting green streetscape in Seoul. Using the three dimensional computer simulations, various greening methods were applied to evaluate effectiveness of promoting green streetscape. The results of this study suggest that promoting tree planting on car lane is more effective than on pedestrian side walks. In wide streets, the height of tree has positive effects on promoting green streetscape. In both car lane and pedestrian side walks, the greening effects of tree planting both in zig-zag pattern and in parallel pattern were similarly most high. The width of strip in side strip planting has positive effect on promoting green streetscape. Promoting stratified planting is very effective. Promoting greening wall on pedestrian side walks is more effective than on car lane. Combined the results of IGS survey with the public officials and complex simulations, suggest that the optimal levels of IGS is ranging from 12.0% in alleys to 54.0% in car lanes among arterial roads.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.5 s.112
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• pp.57-68
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• 2005

This study surveyed planting areas along streets in Gangwon-do to find out how to improve the planting and use of street trees and herbaceous plants. There were 301,491 trees of 41 species on the streets of Gangwon-do in 2004. The predominant species of street trees were Ginkgo biloba ($40\%$), Prunus spp. (Prunus yedoensis and Prunus sargentii) ($25\%$), Platanus occidentalis ($5\%$), followed by Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Zelkova serrata, Prunus armeniaca var. ansu, Acer palmatum, and Pinus thunbergii. Eighty-four herbaceous plant species were found in the Youngseo district (the southern area of Gangwon-do); the ratio of native species to exotic was 51:33. The predominant species were Cosmos bipinnatus, Petunia hybrida, Tagetes spp., Aster koraiensis, and Fagopyrum esculentum. Eighty-nine herbaceous plant species were found in the Youngdong district (the eastern area of Gangwon-do); the ratio of native species to exotic was 55:33. The predominant herbaceous plants were Aster koraiensis, Tagetes spp., Petunia hybrida, Rudbeckia bicolor, Cosmos bipinnatus, Salvia splendens, Brassica oleraceae var. acephala, Aquilegia buergeriana var. oxysepala, Coreopsis drummondii, Viola tricolor, and Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus. Appropriate pruning adds to the aesthetic value of trees and prolongs their useful life; it also maintains good health and thereby reduces the need to control insects and diseases. Street trees had not been properly pruned due to the presence of power lines and a shortage of pruning information. The pruning was controlled by Korea Electric Power Company, which has no pruning information. Pruning must be maintained by a professional landscape company in order to maintain good shape, such as that which is done for bonsai. In order to improve the planting, use and maintenance of landscape plants in Gangwon-do, the following recommendations are made: street tree species should be diversified, suitable street trees should be selected for each space, native species should generally be used, trees should be appropriately pruned and properly fertilized, pests and diseases should be controlled, plantings should be done in multiple layers, spatial arrangements should be improved, larger trees should be planted, and drainage and underground electric wires should be considered when planting.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1081-1085
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• 2005

This study is carried out for obtaining the basic materials for presentation of creation and desirable management of urban roadside trees through analyse the existence effect of trees on people who operate th commercial areas along the streets. Roadside tree and green areas are recognized comfort space in addition to simple planting area. Therefore various trees and flowering plants should be introduced in addition to roadside facilities for convenience. Planted roadside trees should be maintained. We will propose an method that residents plant and manage the trees and flowering plants on the two lane of one way road. However main lines more than four lane of one way have more public property beside the residents space. Therefore these should be maintained mainly by related government agencies.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.2 s.109
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• pp.32-47
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate and propose a green-wall system with evergreen plants for urban greening of Tongyeong City. To achieve these goals, the requirements and possibilities for wall greening were investigated and evaluated considering the location, topography, and climate of Tongyeong City. Existing walls were analyzed and then a suitable green wall system is proposed. Tongyeong City and its 151 islands covers the central and the southern parts of the Goseong peninsula. Most of the land is covered with hills and mountains; $43.9\%$ of the land area has a slope greater than $15\%$ and most hills and mountains near the urban area have a slope of more than $30\%$. As a result of the topographical properties, concrete retaining walls can often be seen along the streets in urbanized areas. These retaining walls are not only unattractive, but they also create environmental problems, and thus should be replaced with native evergreen plants. Options for replacing the retaining walls include evergreen vine-plants such as Hedaa spp. and Euonymus radicans, but native evergreen shrubs such as Pittosporum tobira, Nandina domestica, Raphiolepis umbellata, Ilex cornuta, flex crenata, Fatsia japonic, and Aucuba japonica may be a more attractive option. Current wall conditions are unsuitable for planting vines, therefore, a reservoir-drainage-type plant box filled with a light artificial substrate is required for greening these concrete retaining walls. These might be irrigated in the dry season and fertilized annually by an appropriate system. These plant boxes could be attached along the entire walls. An experiment investigating effects of substrates and bark-chip mulching on the growth of Hedera spp. showed that the mixture of cerasoil and field soil(v/v, 4:6) was superior to field soil alone and to the mixture of perlite small grain, large grain, and field soil(v/v/v, 2:2:6). Bark-chip mulching tended to increase the growth of Hedera spp..

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.339-345
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• 2002

When a flow passes a series of parallel ones, vortexes will be formed in the wake after the cylinder. This paper treats the problems of vibration and noise in tube bank of gas flow duct of heat exchanger thermal suppling boiler in combine cycle thermal power plants. The boiler burner type has recently been changed to low Nox burner and begun commercial operation. After more load up operation then 70%, high level noise and vibration were generated at gas flow duct of heat exchanger.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.31-42
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• 2006

This study is about an analysis of the relation between the degree of cognition of student's acts within limits when coping with several types of disaster and the degree of cognition of damage by disasters in the method of multiple regression analysis. The dependent variable is the degree of cognition of student's acts within limits and the independent variable is the degree of cognition of damage by disasters such as heavy snow, typhoon, heavy rain, heat, and yellow sand. A survey of graduates of metropolitan area high-schools has found that there are no difference between girls and boys of the degree of cognition of student's acts within limits when coping with disasters. This study finds that the independent variable, which are playgrounds, animals and plants, streets and roads, altitude and incline, gives positive effect to the degree of cognition of student's acts within limits when coping with typhoon or heavy rain in order. The study also finds that the degree of cognition of student's acts within limits when coping with heavy snow is affected positively by streets and roads, playgrounds, altitude and incline in order. It also shows that there are factors that has an effect to the degree of cognition of student's acts within limits when coping with yellow sand and heat. This study proposes suggestions to facility plans based on these facts discovered.