• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.338-349
• /
• 2022

This study aims to investigate whether modular community planting, which entailed planting a variety of species of seedlings at high density, was more effective in restoring natural forests than the existing mature tree planting. We also investigated whether the planting density of the modular community planting facilitates growth or improves the tree layer coverage. We conducted outdoor experiments in which the samples were divided into a mature tree planting plot (control plot), where mature trees were planted at wide intervals, and a modular community planting (MCP) plot (treatment plot), where multiple seedlings were planted in high density. The MCP plot was further divided into the plot in which 3 seedlings were planted per m² and the plot of 1 seedling per m². We measured the specimens' survival rate, growth rate (tree height, crown width, and root collar diameter), and cover rate for 26 months from May 2019 and the predicted future tree height growth using the measured tree height. The survival rate and relative growth rate of the MCP were higher than those of the mature tree planting plot. The vertical coverage rate of the tree crown in the MCP exhibited complete coverage of the ground before 23 months, while the coverage rate of the mature tree planting decreased due to transplantation stress. The seedlings in the MCP, which were planted at high density, grew well and were predicted to grow higher than the mature trees in the large tree planting plot within 5 to 6.5 years after planting. It was due to multiple species, seedlings, high-density planting, and planting foundation improvements, such as soil enhancement and mulching. In other words, the seedlings planted in the MCP had a higher survival rate as their environmental adaptation after planting was better, and their early growth was also larger than the trees in the mature planting plot. The high-density mixed planting of various native species not only mitigated the inter-complementary environmental pressures but also facilitated growth by inducing competition between species. Moreover, the planting foundation improvement effectively increased the seedlings' viability and growth rate. A reduction in follow-up management costs is expected as the tree layer coverage sharply increases due to the higher planting density. In the MCP (3 seedlings per m² and 1 seedling per m²), the tree height growth was promoted with the higher planting density, and the crown width and root collar diameter tended to be larger with the lower planting density, but these differences were not statistically significant.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.78-90
• /
• 1998

An objective of this study was to provide database for the planting disign of buffer green space. Types, planting structure, and effect of vuffer green space were investigated in five housing complexes of newtown of metropolitan area, Korea. Buffer green space in the study sites were constructed as mounding, slope, and plate. The number of species was found 20 tree and sub-tree species(10 evergreen and 20 deciduous species ) and 13 shrub species. These species were planted in one-storyed planting structure and there was no difference with ornamental species in the urban parks. Effect of sound proof by the buffer green space was recognized but sound level in four types among the seven types was observed above standard sound level for housing complex(65dB). Effect of sound proof was especially most effective in the mounding type. It was found that planting density and index of plant crown volume were mot satisfied to the function of buffer green space because of lower density and crown volume than natural vegetation per unit. Based on these results, this study suggested that buffer green space is desirable to be developed in the mounding type over two meters height with multi-layer planting model. In addition, there is needed to consider vegetation structure of natural forest around the developing site.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.34 no.6 s.119
• /
• pp.39-53
• /
• 2007

Unlike conventional roof landscaping, where various kinds of plants and structures are employed, a grass roof is a roof on which herbaceous plants are grown in planting medium and which is not accessed or maintained, mainly because it doesn't have sufficient load capacity to support a regular roof garden. They are mostly built on existing roofs, whether flat slab or gabled. Planting on roofs has numerous advantages, such as creating a biotope, purifying urban air, adding moisture to the atmosphere, storing rain water, preventing flash floods, reducing energy use for heating and air conditioning, enhancing the urban landscape and providing relaxation to the city dwellers, not to mention the alleviation of global warming by absorbing $CO_2$. In addition to the general merits of roof planting, the grass roof has its own unique qualities. Only herbaceous species are planted on the roof, resulting in light weight which allows roofs of existing buildings to be planted without structural reinforcement. The species chosen are mostly short, tough perennials that don't need to be maintained. These conditions provide an ideal situation where massive planting can be done in urban areas where roofs are often the only and definitely the largest space available to be planted. If roofs are planted on a massive scale they can play a significant role in alleviating global warming, heat island effects and energy shortages. Despite the advantages of grass roofs, there are some problems. The most significant problem is the invasion of neighboring plants. They may be brought in with the planting medium, by birds or by wind. These plants have little aesthetic value comparing to the chosen species and are usually taller. Eventually they dominate and prevail over the original species. The intended planting design disappears and the roof comes to look wild. Since the primary value of a grass roof is ecological, a change in attitude towards what constitutes beauty on the roofscape is necessary. Instead of keeping the roof neat through constant maintenance, people must learn that the wild grass with bird's nests on their roof is more beautiful as it is.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.47 no.2
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze how many species of trees presented with scientific names are on the written test for engineer landscape architecture, as their usage has increased in the landscape industry in recent years. The following is the result of comparing and analyzing the species of trees which are frequently used in landscape, planting construction, and the scientific name questions presented in the previous 6 years by year on the written test for engineer landscape architecture. First, the results of analyzing the examination question frequency by year in the landscape planting subject showed a gradually declining trend from 2014 after peaking at 56.6% in 2013. Second, 163 species of trees using scientific names were presented in questions on the written test for engineer landscape architecture over the previous 6 years and these included Betula platyphylla, Sophora japonica, Cercis chinensis, Taxus cuspidata. The number of species of trees used in landscape construction during the same period was 169 including Pinus densiflora, Chionanthus retusus, Cornus officinalis, Syringa dilatata. The result of interviews with landscape planting construction officials showed that when choosing the species of trees, they emphasize ecological characteristics, such as the ratio of trees to shrubs, flowers and autumn leaf characteristics, and also consider the morphological characteristics, landscape characteristics, economic feasibility, and the supply and demand situation. Third, it was found that 70 (42.9%) out of 163 species of trees presented with scientific names on the examination were not used in landscape planting construction and 76 (44.9%) out of 169 species were not used as material for questions. As for the scientific name questions, deciduous trees and evergreen shrubs accounted for the more questions, Evergreen and deciduous tree and shrubs were most common in landscape planting construction as well.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.97 no.5
• /
• pp.540-546
• /
• 2008

Enrichment planting has been used as one of the promising restoration techniques to accelerate the natural restoration process of secondary forests or logged-over forests in Myanmar, The objectives of this study were to examine the growth performances of two commercial species such as Teak (Tectona grandis Linn f.) and Padauk (Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz) in response to different canopy opening treatments and to examine the suitability of these species in enrichment planting activities for the restoration of degraded tropical forests in Myanmar. In this study, split plot design was applied, and three levels of canopy openings were experimented. The survival rate and height growth of two species were measured four times with 6 month interval. The root collar diameter (RCD) was also measured in the last assessment. Although the survival rate of seedlings was not significantly different among the three treatments (p>0.05) as well as between two species (p>0.05) for all consecutive measurements, height (p<0.05) and RCD were significantly different (p<0.001) among the treatments, T. grandis seedlings thrived best under complete canopy opening (i.e., 5 m width canopy opening with strip-clear cutting) while P. macrocarpus seedlings under partial canopy opening (without felling of marketable tree species). Because this study is concerned with only for young stage of seedlings, continuous assessment and follow-up tending activities are needed to verify the species suitability and optimum width of canopy opening for enrichment planting activities in restoration of degraded forests of Myanmar.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.42-52
• /
• 2008

This paper categorized the functions of and investigated the characteristics of planting in Pyeonghwa Park near the Seoul World Cup Stadium as a preliminary study for improving tree planting in the park. The functions of planting were deduced based on related theoretical studies and an analysis of the intention of design and environmental factors. The characteristics of planting were analyzed after drawing the distribution and stratification of dominant planting species and setting samples by function. The functions of planting were classified into natural landscape planting, buffer planting, and shade planting. For dominant planting species, pine trees and elm-like trees have been widely observed while various species in addition to pine trees in natural landscape planting areas have been introduced in terms of the function of planting. These trees that were randomly planted before the park was developed have been obstacles in the formation of natural landscapes. For buffer planting and topographical correction, tall trees were planted. However, it seems that comprehensive complementary measures should be taken on the under-story planting.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.33 no.5 s.112
• /
• pp.57-68
• /
• 2005

This study surveyed planting areas along streets in Gangwon-do to find out how to improve the planting and use of street trees and herbaceous plants. There were 301,491 trees of 41 species on the streets of Gangwon-do in 2004. The predominant species of street trees were Ginkgo biloba ($40\%$), Prunus spp. (Prunus yedoensis and Prunus sargentii) ($25\%$), Platanus occidentalis ($5\%$), followed by Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Zelkova serrata, Prunus armeniaca var. ansu, Acer palmatum, and Pinus thunbergii. Eighty-four herbaceous plant species were found in the Youngseo district (the southern area of Gangwon-do); the ratio of native species to exotic was 51:33. The predominant species were Cosmos bipinnatus, Petunia hybrida, Tagetes spp., Aster koraiensis, and Fagopyrum esculentum. Eighty-nine herbaceous plant species were found in the Youngdong district (the eastern area of Gangwon-do); the ratio of native species to exotic was 55:33. The predominant herbaceous plants were Aster koraiensis, Tagetes spp., Petunia hybrida, Rudbeckia bicolor, Cosmos bipinnatus, Salvia splendens, Brassica oleraceae var. acephala, Aquilegia buergeriana var. oxysepala, Coreopsis drummondii, Viola tricolor, and Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus. Appropriate pruning adds to the aesthetic value of trees and prolongs their useful life; it also maintains good health and thereby reduces the need to control insects and diseases. Street trees had not been properly pruned due to the presence of power lines and a shortage of pruning information. The pruning was controlled by Korea Electric Power Company, which has no pruning information. Pruning must be maintained by a professional landscape company in order to maintain good shape, such as that which is done for bonsai. In order to improve the planting, use and maintenance of landscape plants in Gangwon-do, the following recommendations are made: street tree species should be diversified, suitable street trees should be selected for each space, native species should generally be used, trees should be appropriately pruned and properly fertilized, pests and diseases should be controlled, plantings should be done in multiple layers, spatial arrangements should be improved, larger trees should be planted, and drainage and underground electric wires should be considered when planting.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2002

This study is carried out to make the environmentally affinitive porous planting block for revegetation and to make a effective program for greening plans. The summary is shown below. 1. In order to get stronger intensity and distribute proper porosity in the block for planting, the cements mixed with fine soil were used and the finer in soil grains gives the stronger in intensity of the cements. Use of the furnace slag cements instead of the portland cements showed relatively stronger in intensity of the block. The intensity of the block became stronger when the mixed ratio of the cements to soil is 5 : 1, but the pore space ratio was lower. The percolate pH of the portland cements after one month of treatment was 13.1 but the percolate pH of the furnace slag cements was shown lower. To mold proper porous planting blocks, the proper combination of additives such as the dehydrating agent, elastic agent and adhesives into the mixture of cements and soil gives better effectives. 2. After molding the porous planting blocks, it gave a better result when the grains of the filler made of peat moss, upland soil and compound fertilizer were smaller than 2 mm in size. Shaking of the filling materials also gave the better result, but it took more time and cost much more. Therefore, it was better when the filling materials were mixed with water first then flew down for stuffing. 3. It was necessary to cover with soil after seeding or planting on the porous planting blocks. The proper thickness of the soil to help root development and keep moisture is about 3~5 cm. 4. The plants for planting on the porous planting block were required stronger in the growth condition of their roots and their environmental adaptability. The average germination percentage and rate of Platycodon grandiflorum on the porous planting block were 88.8% and 85% accordingly and their rate is very uniform. The germination rates of Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus and Taraxacum officinale were more than 50%. These grass species, Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum, Lysimachia mauritiana and Scabiosa mansenensis were the suggested biennial grasses in the planting area where exchanging of the seedling or nursery plants was not necessary because their germination rates were 59.3, 45.6 and 40.3% accordingly. Viola kapsanensis, Chrysanthemum sp., Taraxacum sp. and Iris ensata var. spontanea are the grass species that could be used by seeding for greening. However, the germination rate of Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica, Aster scaber and Lythrum anceps were lower than 10%. The coverage ratio of Ixeris stolonifera is more than 80% after 60 days seeding and the root length of most of species are more than 10 cm except Iris ensata var. spontanea and Platycodon grandiflorum because their root developed thicker than other species.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.61-72
• /
• 2001

The study was carried out to investigate the surroundings and benefit analysis on the planting investment of Thailand for securing a stable supply of timber through overseas planting, The results show that Thailand government is planing to increase the coverage of forest from 25% to 40%, encouraging planting over the country. More advantages and incentives are given in the investments in planting and wood-processing industries such as plywood, veneer, and chip & hard board, etc. In Thailand Eucalyptus species which are most popular in planting as they are lucratively used as a material of pulp. The Internal rate of return (IRR) in the study was ranged from 29.1 % to 59.3.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.31-45
• /
• 2020

This study suggested the planting models of Carpinus turczaninowii community to make in Badahyanggi Arboretum and was carried out to the structure of C. turczaninowii commnity in Daebu-Yeongheung Islands. In order to identify the current ecological environment, this study set to 13 plots(i.e. 100㎡) for analysing detailed structure of plant communities. The research methodology was qualitative analysis. It used TWINSPAN, PCA and Indicator Species Analysis tools which are performed well in several comparisons of classification techniques and one of the ordination techniques showed that the plant communities. The results were classified into 3 communities that C. turczaninowii-Pinus densiflora community(I), C. turczaninowii-Quercus serrata community(II) and C. turczaninowii-Platycarya strobilacea community(III). In all of communities, C. turczaninowii was dominant species in canopy layer and understory layer, the degree of closure was high. Proposed the planting models that are I~II communities based on planting status in Badahyanggi Arboretum(Island Plant Botanical Garden), the structure of plant communities, indicator species and individual distribution by DBH classes. Also, The multi-layer planting plans are necessary, such as P. strobilacea, Lindera erythrocarpa, Viburnum carlesii, V. dilatatum, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Zanthoxylum schinifolium and so on.