• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.49-55
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• 2003

The morphology of the leaves and the flowers of angiosperms exhibit remarkable diversity. One of the factors showing the greatest variability of leaf organs is the leaf index, namely, the ratio of leaf length to leaf width. In some cases, different varieties of a single species or closely related species can be distinguished by differences in leaf index. To some extent, the leaf index reflects the morphological adaptation of leaves to a particular environment. In addition, the growth of leaf organs is dependent on the extent of the expansion of leaf cells and on cell proliferation in the cellular level. The rates of the division and enlargement of leaf cells at each stage contribute to the final shape of the leaf, and play important roles throughout leaf development. Thus, the control of leaf shape is related to the control of the shape of cells and the size of cells within the leaf. The shape of flower also reflects the shape of leaf, since floral organs are thought to be a derivative of leaf organs. No good tools have been available for studies of the mechanisms that underlie such biodiversity. However, we have recently obtained some information about molecular mechanisms of leaf morphogenesis as a result of studies of leaves of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. For example, the ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) gene, a homolog of animal CtBP genes, controls leaf width. AN appears to regulate the polar elongation of leaf cells via control of the arrangement of cortical microtubules. By contrast, the ROTUNDIFOLIA3 (ROT3) gene controls leaf length via the biosynthesis of steroid(s). We provide here an overview of the biodiversity exhibited by the leaf index of angiosperms. Taken together, we can discuss on the possibility of the control of the shapes and size of plant organs by transgenic approaches with the results from basic researches. For example, transgenic plants that overexpressed a wild-type ROT3 gene had longer leaves than parent plants, without any changes in leaf width. Thus, The genes for leaf growth and development, such as ROT3 gene, should be useful tools for the biodesign of plant organs.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.269-280
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• 2010

Lilium ${\times}$ formolongi was genetically engineered by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with the plasmid pCrtZW-N8idi-crtEBIY, which contains seven enzyme genes under the regulation of the CaMV 35S promoter. In the transformants, ketocarotenoids were detected in both calli and leaves, which showed a strong orange color. In transgenic calli, the total amount of carotenoids [133.3 ${\mu}g/g$ fresh weight (FW)] was 26.1-fold higher than in wild-type calli. The chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency in transgenic orange plantlets were significantly lowered; however, after several months of subculture, they had turned into plantlets with green leaves that showed significant increases in chlorophyll and photosynthetic efficiency. The total carotenoid contents in leaves of transgenic orange and green plantlets were quantified at 102.9 and 135.2 ${\mu}g/g$ FW, respectively, corresponding to 5.6- and 7.4-fold increases over the levels in the wild-type. Ketocarotenoids such as echinenone, canthaxanthin, 3'-hydroxyechinenone, 3-hydroxyechinenone, and astaxanthin were detected in both transgenic calli and orange leaves. A significant change in the type and composition of ketocarotenoids was observed during the transition from orange transgenic plantlets to green plantlets. Although 3'-hydroxyechinenone, 3-hydroxyechinenone, astaxanthin, and adonirubin were absent, and echinenone and canthaxanthin were present at lower levels, interestingly, the upregulation of carotenoid biosynthesis led to an increase in the total carotenoid concentration (+31.4%) in leaves of the transgenic green plantlets.

• Plant Resources
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.200-205
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• 2000

This study selects Sunwol local group, Gusang local group and Yongjun local group to examine the appropriate amount of applied fertilizer in cultivating the double crop seed of Alisma plantago by transplantation in the southern area, improve and complements the double cropping techniques and contribute to stable production. While the plant height is 45,47 and 49cm and the number of leaves is 11.7, 12.5 and 14.4 at non-fertilizing plot, the plant height is 67, 72 and 75cm and the number of leaves is 15.8, 17.2 and 19.3 at all fertilizing plot and their growth is active and in the character of plant height and the number of leaves, especially in the groove of N-P$_{2}$O$_{5}$-K$_{2}$O= 30-15-45kg/10a, the mean plant height of Sunwol is 75cm and mean number of its leaves is 19.3, the mean plant height and number of leaves in Gusang are 72cm and 17.2 respectively and those of Yongjun are 67cm and 15.8 respectively. While the number of floral axis is 1,2 in non-fertilizing plot, that of the whole varieties in all fertilizing plot is 3, 4, 5 and the mean floral axis of Sunwol is N-P$_{2}$O$_{5}$-K$_{2}$O = 10-5-15, 20-10-30, 30-15-45 kg/10a and 18-0-18 of complex fertilizer and 21-17-17kg/10a and it is small in all fertilizing plot. The yield of dry root per 10a is high in all fertilizing grooves and especially in the groove of N-P$_{2}$O$_{5}$-K$_{2}$O = 30-15-45 kg/10a, it is 372.6kg, in the groove of 18-0-18kg/10a using complex fertilizer, it is 389.1kg and in that of 21-17-17kg/10a, it is 376.7kg.6.7kg.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2021

Objectives : This paper aims to solve difficulties surrounding the verses related to lobes of liver in the 『Yixuerumen』. Methods : First, relevant verses were selected from the 『Yixuerumen』, then compared to texts from which they had originated. The differences and contrarieties between the texts were resolved through the perspective of plant taxonomy. Results : Wangbing's 'buye(布葉)' was taken as the seed leaf of the dicotyledonous plant and corrected to 'daye(大葉)' by Li Chan. The expression 'Yixiaoye(一小葉)' was understood as describing the many main leaves that look like one big leaf, which grow in between the seed leaves. 『Nanjing』's interpretation of there being three leaves on the left, and four on the right describes the leaf pattern that grows in alternation. Conclusions : Through analysis of the verses related to lobes of liver in the 『Yixuerumen』, we can presume that Li Chan had the knowledge and understanding required in plant taxonomy such as characteristics of a dicotyledonous plant and phyllotaxis.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 1990

The content of canavanine was measured and analyzed in leaves, roots and xylem exudate of Canavalia lneata. In non-nodulated plants, the cotyledons were removed after a week of sowing and the plants were grown for 3 weeks. The quantity of canavanine measured by canavanine specific-PCAF colorimetric assay was 9-10 $\mu$mol/g fresh wt. in leaves, 5-6 $\mu$mol/g fresh wt. in roots, and 0.3-0.5 $\mu$mol/ml in xylem exudate. When free amino acids of leaves, roots, and xylem exudate were analysed by HPLC, the relative proportion of asparagine plus glycine was the highest and canavanine was high secondarily. And the relative proportion of canavanine among total free amino acids was 30-35% in leaves and roots, and 12-13% in xylem exudate. In non-nodulated plants grown for 8 weeks, the canavanine content of each part was similar to that of 3-week-old plants. By the formation of nodules, the canavanine content of leaves, roots, xylem exudate, and nodules decreased apparently. In xylem exduate, the nitrogenous compounds were also analyzed. The relative contents of NO3-, free amino acids, and ureides(allantoin and allantoic acid) were 60-80%, 20-30%, and 5%, respectively. From these results, it can be assumed that canavanine is synthesized in the root of plant and nodulation affects the canavanine content. It is obvious that canavanine is considered one of the reduced-N forms transported via xylem.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.117-121
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• 2001

Microstructure of abaxial leaf surface and carbohydrate content of propagules grown in different culture conditions such as heterotrophic, mixotrophic and autotrophic carbon source were investigated. In the leaves of propagules which were grown in the green house, autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions, wax layer was observed, but in the leaves of the heterotrophic propagules, it was not observed. Size and number of stomata of the leaves in the heterotrophic condition was larger and more numerous than that of autotrophic propagules. Especially, stomata of the leaves in the autotrophic condition was similar to the leaves of plant grown in green house. Carbohydrate content was higher in photoautotrophic condition than that in mixotrophic and heterotrophic culture. Also, Free sugar content showed higher in photoautotrophic propagules than that in mixotrophic and heterotrophic culture. In all the culture conditions, content of glucose were higher than that of other free sugars.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.118-126
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• 1974

Mulberry plants cultivated in mid-Korea were studied on the growth habitat, canopy type, productive structure and vertical light intensity in relation to the quality of mulberry leaves for sericulture. The growth in length of new branch of summer cut mulberry in spring was vigorous on the uppermost of old shoot. Numbers of leaves on a branch were barely 4 leaves on lower than 20th branch from base, but those were 13 leaves on higher than 24th branch. Area of leaves completely expanded was broad on high branch, but narrow on low one. The form of canopy, the type of productive structure and the vertical light distribution depend upon varieties of cultivated mulberry plants were classified according to characteristic of each variety in two groups, respectively; globular and columnar form in canopy, broad leaves and narrow leaves types in productive structure, and seriously obstructured the light and fairly transmitted the light into lower leaf stratum invertical light distribution. Out of varieties of mulberry investigated, Suwon No. 4 and Rosang were belong to the former characters, but Illchiroe and Kaeryangsubun were to the latters. The values of leaf dry matter index and dry matter production produced by leaves were increased in direct proportion to the height of leaf stratum; the leaf dry matter index of the uppermost leaf was twice as much that of the lowest, and the dry matter production by the highest leaf was 17 times compared with that by the lowest leaf. It is assumed that the meagre leaves occurred in the lower leaf stratum of Suwon No. 4 and Rosang were caused to diminished the dry matter index and dry matter production in the under leaves of plant, which were affected by receiving the weak light.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.285-292
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• 1994

Ultrastructural changes in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer mesophyll chloroplasts and variation of thylakoid membrane protein in responce to the light intensity were studied in leaves of two-y-old plants exposed to two different light intensities under field coditions. The leaves were allowed to function for three months after emergence under two contrasting light conditions. The ginseng chloroplasts of 5% light were filled with highly stacked grana of condensely arrayed thylakoids, so that the stroma space was hardly observed. In contrast, chloroplasts from leaves at 100% sunlight had fewer thylakoid membranes and smaller grana stacks. The number of osmiophilic globules increased. Total Chl content and Chl b content were lower at 100% sunlight than 5% sunlight. The thylakoid membrane proteins in the leaves grown at 100% sunlight showed lower CPIa, LHCII and CP29 than those with 5% sunlight. This effect was most obvious for LHCII. Polypeptides showed major bands at 90, 64, 29-30, 22 and 14 kD, and minor bands at 59, 58, 54, 52, 49, 46, 44, 35, 23, 21 and 18-19 kD. All these bands were lower in intensity in the leaves exposed to 100% sunlight. Moreover, the bands at 58-59, 46-47 and 23 kD disappeared.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.132-136
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• 2004

Delayed luminescence of plant leaves was imaged by a 2-D cooled charge-coupled device. We report the delayed luminescence imaging of normal/injured leaves picked ami the leaves intact. The luminescent intensity was lower in leaf veins, scars and edge cut. The intensity of delayed luminescence from intact leaves was higher than that of picked leaves. These results indirectly support the argument that the delayed luminescence of a photosynthetic system is closely related to the electron transfer process of PSII in the thylakoid membrane.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.357-360
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• 2001

Gray mold was observed on leaves of castor bean grown in Woniu and Okcheon in Korea in October 2000. Symptoms developed in the form of spot and blight with sporulation of the causal fungi at the marginal or central parts of the leaves. A total of 25 isolates were obtained from the infected leaves of castor bean. Out of the 25 isolates, 5 isolates which originated from Woniu were identified as Botrytis cinerea, while 20 isolates from Okcheon were identified as Amphobotrys ricini based on morphological and cultural characteristics. Two isolates each of B. cinerea and A. ricini were tested for their pathogenicity to castor bean plants. Gray mold symptoms similar to those observed in the fields were induced on leaves of castor bean by artificial inoculation. This is the first report of gray mold in castor bean caused by B. cinerea and A. ricini in Korea.