• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.293-308
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• 2006

This paper presents a complete and consistent formulation to study the seismic response of a free-standing ship supported by an arrangement of n keel blocks which are all located in a dry dock. It is considered that the foundation of the system is subjected to both horizontal and vertical in plane excitation. The motion of the system is classified in eight different modes which are Rest (relative), Sliding of keel blocks, Rocking of keel blocks, Sliding of the ship, Sliding of both keel blocks and the ship, Sliding and rocking of keel blocks, Rocking of keel blocks with sliding of the ship, and finally Sliding and rocking of keel blocks accompanied with sliding of the ship. For each mode of motion the governing equations are derived, and transition conditions between different modes are also defined. This formulation is based on a number of fundamental assumptions which are 2D idealization for motion of the system, considering keel blocks as the rigid ones and the ship as a massive rigid block too, allowing the similar motion for all keel blocks, and supposing frictional nature for transmitted forces between contacted parts. Also, the rocking of the ship is not likely to take place, and the complete ship separation from keel blocks or separation of keel blocks from the base is considered as one of the failure mode in the system. The formulation presented in this paper can be used in its entirety or in part, and they are suitable for investigation of generalized response using suitable analytical, or conducting a time-history sensitivity analysis.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2015

This paper investigates the longitudinal flight dynamics and stability of flapping-wing micro air vehicles. Periodic external forces and moments due to the flapping motion characterize the dynamics of this system as NLTP (Non Linear Time Periodic). However, the averaging theorem can be applied to an NLTP system to obtain an NLTI (Non Linear Time Invariant) system which allows us to use a standard eigen value analysis to assess the stability of the system with linearization around a reference point. In this paper, we investigate the dynamics and stability of a hawkmoth-scale flapping-wing air vehicle by establishing an LTI (Linear Time Invariant) system model around a hovering condition. Also, a direct time integration of full nonlinear equations of motion of the flapping-wing micro air vehicle is conducted to see how the longitudinal flight dynamics appear in the time domain beyond the reference point, i.e. hovering condition. In the study, the flapping-wing air vehicle exhibited three distinct dynamic modes of motion in the longitudinal plane of motion: two stable subsidence modes and one unstable oscillatory mode. The unstable oscillatory mode is found to be a combination of a pitching velocity state and a forward/backward velocity state.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제70권2호
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• pp.143-152
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• 2019

In this study, stochastic responses of a cable-stayed bridge subjected to the spatially varying earthquake ground motion are investigated for variable local soil cases and wave velocities. Quincy Bay-view cable-stayed bridge built on the Mississippi River in Illinois, USA selected as a numerical example. The bridge is composed of two H-shaped concrete towers, double plane fan type cables and a composite concrete-steel girder deck. The spatial variability of the ground motion is considered with the coherency function, which is represented by the components of incoherence, wave-passage and site-response effects. The incoherence effect is investigated by considering Harichandran and Vanmarcke model, the site-response effect is outlined by using hard, medium and soft soil types, and the wave-passage effect is taken into account by using 1000, 600 and 200 m/s wave velocities for the hard, medium and soft soils, respectively. Mean of maximum response values obtained from the analyses are compared with those of the specific cases of the ground motion model. It is concluded that the obtained results from the bridge model increase as the differences between local soil conditions cases of the bridge supports change from firm to soft. Moreover, the variation of the wave velocity has important effects on the responses of the deck and towers as compared with those of the travelling constant wave velocity case. In addition, the variability of the ground motions should be considered in the analysis of long span cable-stayed bridges to obtain more accurate results in calculating the bridge responses.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.96-103
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• 2006

To establish of standard technique of nano-length measurement in 2D plane, new AFM system has been designed. In the long range (about several tens of ${\mu}m$), measurement uncertainty is dominantly affected by the Abbe error of XY scanning stage. No linear stage is perfectly straight; in other words, every scanning stage is subject to tilting, pitch and yaw motion. In this paper, an AFM system with minimum offset of XY sensing is designed. And XY scanning stage is designed to minimize rotation angle because Abbe errors occur through the multiply of offset and rotation angle. To minimize the rotation angle optimal design has performed by maximizing the stiffness ratio of motion direction to the parasitic motion direction of each stage. This paper describes the design scheme of full AFM system, especially about XY stage. Full range of fabricated XY scanner is $100{\mu}m\times100{\mu}m$. And tilting, pitch and yaw motion are measured by autocollimator to evaluate the performance of XY stage. As a result, XY scanner can have good performance. Using this AFM system, 3um pitch specimen was measured. The uncertainty of total system has been evaluated. X and Y direction performance is different. X-direction measuring performance is better. So to evaluate only ID pitch length, X-direction scanning is preferable. Its expanded uncertainty(k=2) is $\sqrt{(3.96)^2+(4.10\times10^{-5}{\times}p)^2}$ measured length in nm.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.861-872
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• 2011

움직임 예측 분야에서 많은 고속 블록 정합 알고리즘들은 불필요한 움직임 후보 블록들을 고유한 조건식으로 필터링하는 방법, 즉 탐색 포인트의 수를 줄이는 방법으로 연산의 복잡도를 줄이고 있다. 비록 많은 고속 블록 정합 알고리즘들이 기존의 전역 탐색 알고리즘과 비교하여 연산량을 상당 부분 줄일 수 있다 하더라도, 각 조건식의 특성에 의해 때때로 어느 정도의 정합 오차를 감수해야 한다는 단점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 제한된 1비트 변환 움직임 예측을 위한 새로운 고속 정합 알고리즘을 제안 하며, 이는 전역 탐색 알고리즘 대비 화질의 열화를 최소화 하면서도 움직임 블록 예측시의 연산량을 현저하게 줄이는 것에 목적을 둔다. 기존의 고속 블록 정합 알고리즘들과는 달리 제안된 알고리즘은 연산량을 줄이는데 있어서 새로운 접근 방법을 보여준다. 그것은 1비트 변환 후의 이진 평면이 오직 0 과 1이라는 두 개의 성분만으로 이루어진다는 사실에 기초하여 이항 분포 (binomial distribution)를 활용한 접근 방법이다. 모의실험 결과 제안된 알고리즘은 기존의 전역 탐색 기법을 적용한 제한된 1비트 변환 움직임 예측과 비교하여 PSNR (Peak signal-to-noise ratio) 성능은 매우 근접하게 유지하면서도 연산량은 획기적으로 줄여주는 효과를 보여 준다.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 전투기 조종석과 같은 제한된 공간에서 사용 가능한 광학 방식의 헤드 트랙커 시스템을 설계하고 그 성능을 시험하였다. 이 시스템은 다른 빛의 간섭을 차단하기 위해 적외선 발광다이오드와 두 대의 적외선 CCD 카메라를 사용하였다. 그리고 광학 방식의 헤드 트랙커 알고리즘은 특징점 추출 알고리즘과 3차원 움직임 추정 알고리즘으로 구성하였다. 카메라 이미지 평면 위에서 특징점의 2차원 위치 좌표를 획득하기 위한 특징점 추출 알고리즘은 디지털 영상 처리 기술인 문턱치 (thresholding)와 마스킹 (masking) 기법을 사용하였다. 특징점의 위치 변화로부터 조종사의 머리 움직임을 추정하는 3차원 움직임 추정 알고리즘은 확장 칼만 필터 (EKF)를 사용하였다. 또한, 정밀한 레이트 테이블을 사용하여 시스템 성능을 검증하고 회전 성능에 대해 관성 센서와 비교하였다.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 2차원 비정렬 중첩격자계를 이용한 서로 겹쳐진 물체간의 상대운동 해석기법을 개발하였다. 물체들이 교차되는 교차점에서 가장 가까운 거리에 있는 각 격자계의 물체 경계면에 위치한 격자점들을 교차점으로 이동시키고, 이 교차점을 기준으로 계산영역에 포함되는 격자와 계산에서 제외되는 격자가 구분되도록 하였다. 비정상 유동의 계산을 위해 계산에서 제외되는 비활성 격자점에 적절한 유동값을 부여하여, 상대운동이 진행됨에 따라 새롭게 활성 격자점으로 분류될 때 이전 시간에서의 유동값으로 이용될 수 있도록 하였다. 해석기법의 검증을 위해 단순플랩의 진동에 따른 에어포일 주위의 유동을 해석하여 타 연구자의 해석결과와 비교하였고, NACA0012 에어포일의 내부에서 사출되는 발사체의 운동에 대하여 해석을 수행하였다.

• 인지과학
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.29-37
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• 1999

Murakami와 Cavanagh (1998a.b. 1999)가 보고한 무선 운동 영역 순응에 따른 정지된 인접 영역의 흔들림(jittering) 착시현상을 새로운 자극구성으로 검증하였다. 이 현상에 대한 설명으로 이 연구자들이 제안한 순응에 따른 안구운동 보상기제의 약화를 최소화하는 역 위상 깜박임(counterphase flickering)에의 순응과 코사인 패턴을 사용하였을 때에도 정지된 인접 영역에서의 착시현상이 경험되었다. 그러나, 이 자극 상황에서 관찰된 착시현상은 평면상의 흔들림이 아니라 정지된 인접 영역이 관찰자에서 멀어지는 것으로 지각되는 3차원상의 운동잔여효과(3D motion aftereffect)이었다. 본 연구에서 우리는 이 새로운 현상이 깜박임 영역의 휘도 대비감소(contrast reduction)가 정지된 인접 영역과의 지각된 깊이 차이를 유발시키고 깜박임 영역이 정지하였을 때 원래의 깊이로 복원하는 과정에서 정지된 인접 영역이 상대적으로 멀어지며 움직이는 것으로 지각되는 것에 기인했을 가능성을 조사하였다. 깊이 단서를 제거하거나, 휘도 대비감소를 최소화하는 고 공간주파수 코사인 패턴을 사용한 실험의 결과 관찰된 운동잔여효과의 소멸은 이 가능성을 강력히 지지하여 주었다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제71권5호
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• pp.525-544
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• 2019

In the present study, buckling and free vibration analyses of annular thin sector plate made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) resting on visco-elastic Pasternak foundation, subjected to external radial, circumferential and shear in-plane loads is investigated. Material properties are assumed to vary along the thickness according to an power law with Poisson's ratio held constant. First, based on the classical plate theory (CPT), the governing equation of motion is derived using Hamilton's principle and then is solved using the generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM). Numerical results are compared to those available in the literature to validate the convergence and accuracy of the present approach. Finally, the effects of power-law exponent, ratio of radii, thickness of the plate, sector angle, and coefficients of foundation on the fundamental and higher natural frequencies of transverse vibration and critical buckling loads are considered for various boundary conditions. Also, vibration and buckling mode shapes of functionally graded (FG) sector plate have been shown in this research. One of the important obtained results from this work show that ratio of the frequency of FG annular sector plate to the corresponding values of homogeneous plate are independent from boundary conditions and frequency number.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.237-250
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• 2020

An accurate plate theory for assessing sandwich structures is of interest in order to provide precise results. Hence, this paper develops Layer-Wise (LW) theory for reaching precise results in terms of buckling and vibration behavior of Functionally Graded Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Composite (FG-CNTRC) annular nanoplates. Furthermore, for simulating the structure much more realistic, its edges are elastically restrained against in-plane and transverse displacement. The nano structure is integrated with piezoelectric layers. Four distributions of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) along the thickness direction of the core layer are investigated. The Differential Quadrature Method (DQM) is utilized to solve the motion equations of nano structure subjected to the electric field. The influence of various parameters is depicted on both critical buckling load and frequency of the structure. The accuracy of solution procedure is demonstrated by comparing results with classical edge conditions. The results ascertain that the effects of different distributions of CNTs and their volume fraction are significant on the behavior of the system. Furthermore, the amount of in-plane and transverse spring coefficients plays an important role in the buckling and vibration behavior of the nano-structure and optimization of nano-structure design.