• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.112-115
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• 2016

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the safety zone for Achilles tendon insertion in the posterior aspect of the calcaneus via the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) when planning for insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Materials and Methods: This study included 95 patients. The MRI of midsagittal plane of the ankle joint was used to measure the proximal and distal insertion point for the Achilles tendon in the posterior aspect of the calcaneus. Patients were divided into three groups according to the proportion of the distal insertion point out of the entire calcaneal length: the proximal, middle, and distal insertion groups. Results: The mean proximal and distal insertion points for the Achilles tendon were measured as 1.05 cm (0~2.11 cm) and 2.36 cm (1.60~2.93 cm), respectively. When the posterior aspect of the calcaneus was used as the reference plane, none of the patients was in the proximal insertion group, while 75 and 20 patients were in the middle and distal insertion groups, respectively. The insertion portion was longer in the distal insertion group ($1.47{\pm}0.25cm$) than in the middle insertion group ($1.27{\pm}0.35cm$). Statistically significant differences with respect to the length of the insertion portion were observed between the two groups (p=0.008). Conclusion: Removal of more than 1 cm below the superior margin of the posterior calcaneus may be dangerous. An MRI study on the Achilles tendon of patients without hindfoot deformity or tendinopathy revealed various insertional characteristics. Preoperative MRI evaluation is safer than relying solely on the simple radiological assessment when planning for insertional Achilles tendinopathy.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.202-208
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the monitor unit obtained from various methods for the treatment of superficial cancers using electron beams. Thirty-three breast cancer patients who were treated in our institution with 6, 9, and 12 MeV electron beams, were selected for this study. For each patient, irregularly shaped treatment blocks were drawn on simulation film and constructed. Using the irregular blocks, monitor units to deliver 100 cGy to the dose maximum (dmax) were calculated from measurement and three-dimensional radiation treatment planning (3D RTP) system (PINNACLE 6.0, ADAC Laboratories, Milpitas CA) Measurements were made in solid water phantom with plane parallel (PP) chamber (Roos, OTW Germany) at 100 cm source-to surface distances. CT data was used to investigate the effect of heterogeneity. Monitor units were calculated by overriding CT values with 1 g/㎤ and in the presence of heterogeneity. The monitor unit values obtained by the above methods were compared. The dose, obtained from measurement in solid water phantom was higher than that of RTP values for irregularly shaped blocks. The maximum differences between monitor unit calculated in flat water phantom at gantry zero position were 4% for 6 MeV and 2% for 9 and 12 MeV electrons. When CT data was used at a various gantry angle the agreement between the TPS data with and without density correction was within 3% for all energies. These results indicate that there are no significant difference in terms of monitor unit when density is corrected for the treatment of breast cancer patients with electrons.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.314-320
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• 2017

In the treatment of esthetically important areas such as maxillary anterior teeth, they should be corresponded with surrounding tissues, and shape of the smile line, soft tissue, and hard tissue, also the anatomical shape and proportion of the teeth should be considered as well. Esthetic analysis includes facial analysis which evaluates the proper parallelism between the occlusal plane and the horizontal reference line, dentolabial analysis which assesses the position of the incisal edge and the coherence between the occlusal plane and the commissural line, tooth analysis which evaluates not only esthetics but also morphology and appearance for proper function, and gingival analysis which forms ideal outline of gingival margins. A maxillary anterior diastema can be esthetically restored through the systematic diagnostic approach and treatment planning, and orthodontic, prosthetic, and conservative treatment can be applied for the treatment.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.23 no.3 s.42
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• pp.359-374
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• 1993

At present, many orthodontists regard the root parallelism of the posterior teeth important not only in diagnosis and treatment planning but also for predicting posttreatment stability. To evaluate it, they usually refer to the orthopantomogram. At this study, 97 samples were collected from students of Yonsei University, who have well-proportioned face, Angle's class I canine & molar relationships and no crown axis deviation of the posterior teeth including canines. Reliability of the root parallelism observed from orthopantomogram was evaluated by comparison with $45^{\circ}$ oblique cephalogram. The results were as follows : 1. In comparing the differences between anglular measurements in $45^{\circ}$ oblique cephalogram & orthopantomogram with $5^{\circ}$, those to mandibular plane were significantly less than to occlusal plane in number of items which showed less differences than $5^{\circ}$. 2. Compared the root parallelisms in the orthopantomogram with those in $45^{\circ}$ oblique cephalogram with $1\%$ significance level, parallelism between upper canine & 1st premolar, lower canine & 1st premolar, lower 1st premolar & 2nd premolar, and lower right 2nd molar & 3rd molar showed statistically significant differences. 3. When the significance between the differences of the root parallelism between above two kinds of film and $5^{\circ}$ was verified by two sided paired t-test, more or less large difference was shown between lower right 2nd molar & 3rd molar, a little larger than $5^{\circ}$ between lower canine & 1st premolar, smaller at the rest of them. 4. In $45^{\circ}$ oblique cephalogram, lower canine & 1st premolar showed convergent root arrangements each other, while in orthopantomogram they were divergent each other. All the others except them showed convergency on the upper, divergency on the lower in both films.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.65.2-65.2
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• 2018

Through MIRIS $Pa{\alpha}$ Galactic plane survey, a lot of $Pa{\alpha}$ blobs were detected along the plane. To reveal their characteristics, we are planning to collect NIR high-resolution spectroscopic data for them by using Immersion GRating INfrared Spectrograph (IGRINS). Here, we present the preliminary results of the IGRINS observations for a Herbig Be star, MWC 1080, which is one of the $Pa{\alpha}$ blobs detected in Cepheus. This Herbig Be star is known to possess a lot of young stellar objects (YSOs) and bright MIR ($10-20{\mu}m$) nebulosity in its vicinity. From IPHAS $H{\alpha}$ data, we revealed large extended $H{\alpha}$ features that correlate well with MIR and 13CO morphologies around MWC 1080. A part of the $H{\alpha}$ features shows a bow shock shape to the northeast of the primary star MWC 1080A, which seems to be due to an outflow from MWC 1080A. Through IGRINS observations, we detected faint [Fe II] ${\lambda}1.644{\mu}m$ and H2 1-0 S(1) ${\lambda}2.122{\mu}m$ emission lines around the bow shock feature. Interestingly, to the east region of MWC 1080A, we also detected strong [Fe II] and H2 emission lines with a couple of velocity components, which suggests the detection of a new outflow from another YSO. Broad $Br{\gamma}$ ${\lambda}2.1662{\mu}m$ line and H2 lines with various velocity components were detected around the bright MIR and $H{\alpha}$ nebulosity as well.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.3-12
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• 2020

Objective: This study compared three prominent midsagittal planes (MSPs) to identify the MSP that best approximates the true symmetrical MSP. Methods: Forty-three patients (mean age, 23.0 ± 8.20 years) were grouped as follows: group 1 consisted of 10 patients with skeletal Class I and a menton (Me) deviation of < 2 mm; group 2, 11 patients with skeletal Class III and a Me deviation < 2 mm; group 3, nine patients with skeletal Class III and a Me deviation of 2 to less than 4 mm; and group 4, 13 patients with skeletal Class III and an Me deviation ≥ 4 mm. The candidate MSPs were established by three-dimensional (3D) cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) reorientation methods (RMs): (1) the MSP perpendicular to the Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane while passing through the crista galli and basion; (2) the MSP including the nasion, incisive foramen, and basion; (3) the MSP including the nasion, anterior nasal spine, and posterior nasal spine. The mean absolute distances (MADs) to the MSPs were calculated from the coordinates of 1,548 points on 129 CBCT images. The differences in the values of the 3D coordinates among RMs were compared. Results: The MADs of the three RMs showed significant differences (p < 0.05). Most of the differences in values of the coordinates were not significant among RMs. Conclusions: Although the differences in distance among the three MSPs were minor, the MSP perpendicular to the FH plane while passing through the crista galli and basion best approximated the true symmetrical MSP.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.212-225
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• 2015

UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), the pilotless plane or drone, draws researchers' attention at these days for its extended use to various area. The research was initiated for military use of the UAV, but the area of applicable field is extended to surveillance, communication, and even delivery for commercial use. As increasing the interest in UAV, the needs of research for operating the flying object which is not directly visible when it conducts a certain mission to remote place is obviously grown as much as developing high performance pilotless plane is required. One of the project supported by government is related to the use of UAV for logistics fields and controlling UAV to deliver the certain items to isolated or not-easy-to-access place is one of the important issues. At the initial stage of the project, the previous researches for controlling UAV need to be organized to understand current state of art in local researches. Thus, this study is one of the steps to develop the unmanned system for using in military or commercial. Specifically, we focused on reviewing the approaches of controlling UAV from origination to destination in previous in-country researches because the delivery involves the routing planning and the efficient and effective routing plan is critical to success to delivery mission using UAV. This routing plan includes the method to avoid the obstacles and reach the final destination without a crash. This research also present the classification and categorization of the papers and it could guide the researchers, who conduct researches and explore in comparable fields, to catch the current address of the research.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the vertical position of maxillary first molar and vertical skeletal measurements in lateral cephalograms by using new linear measurements on the vertical axis of coordinates with calibration. Methods: The vertical position of maxillary first molar (U6-SN), and the conventionally used variables (ConV) and the newly derived linear variables (NwLin) for vertical skeletal patterns were measured in the lateral cephalograms of 103 Korean adults with normal occlusions. Pearson correlation analyses and multiple linear regression analyses were performed with and without calibration using the anterior and posterior cranial base (ACB and PCB, respectively) lengths to identify variables related to U6-SN. Results: The PCB-calibrated statistics showed the best power of explanation. ConV indicating skeletal hyperdivergency was significantly correlated with U6-SN. Six NwLin regarding the position of palatal plane were positively correlated with U6-SN. Each multiple linear regression analysis generated a two-variable model: sella and nasion to palatal plane. Among the three models, the PCB-calibrated model yielded highest adjusted R2 value, 0.880. Conclusions: U6-SN could be determined by the vertical position of the maxilla, which could then be used to plan the amount of molar intrusion and estimate its clinical stability. Cephalometric calibration on the vertical axis of coordinates by using PCB for vertical linear measurements could strengthen the analysis itself.

• Journal of International Society for Simulation Surgery
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.37-40
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• 2014

Purpose For living donor liver transplantation, liver segmentation is difficult due to the variability of its shape across patients and similarity of the density of neighbor organs such as heart, stomach, kidney, and spleen. In this paper, we propose an automatic segmentation of the liver using multi-planar anatomy and deformable surface model in portal phase of abdominal contrast-enhanced CT images. Method Our method is composed of four main steps. First, the optimal liver volume is extracted by positional information of pelvis and rib and by separating lungs and heart from CT images. Second, anisotropic diffusing filtering and adaptive thresholding are used to segment the initial liver volume. Third, morphological opening and connected component labeling are applied to multiple planes for removing neighbor organs. Finally, deformable surface model and probability summation map are performed to refine a posterior liver surface and missing left robe in previous step. Results All experimental datasets were acquired on ten living donors using a SIEMENS CT system. Each image had a matrix size of $512{\times}512$ pixels with in-plane resolutions ranging from 0.54 to 0.70 mm. The slice spacing was 2.0 mm and the number of images per scan ranged from 136 to 229. For accuracy evaluation, the average symmetric surface distance (ASD) and the volume overlap error (VE) between automatic segmentation and manual segmentation by two radiologists are calculated. The ASD was $0.26{\pm}0.12mm$ for manual1 versus automatic and $0.24{\pm}0.09mm$ for manual2 versus automatic while that of inter-radiologists was $0.23{\pm}0.05mm$. The VE was $0.86{\pm}0.45%$ for manual1 versus automatic and $0.73{\pm}0.33%$ for manaual2 versus automatic while that of inter-radiologist was $0.76{\pm}0.21%$. Conclusion Our method can be used for the liver volumetry for the pre-surgery planning of living donor liver transplantation.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 2007

Color planning system can be treated as a decision support system which includes both the recommendation of main color and harmonious colors. In this paper, we propose techniques that are useful to enhance the harmonious color recommendation with the main color selected by user. In order to reflect the knowledge about suggestion of harmonious colors, we use Ostwald color harmony theory, that is very systematical and easy to implement. Actually, Ostwald color space is similar to HMMD color model in MPEG-7. Due to the similarity between two color spaces, Ostwald color space can be represented as a virtual HMMD color space. Accordingly, we propose a technique to align the HMMD color space with Ostwald color space, thereby it is capable of enhancing a performance to search the harmonious colors according to Ostwald harmony theory. For recommendation of delicate and more exquisite harmonious colors in equal hue plane, we made the virtual color space continuous. The system can recommend various harmonious colors according to Ostwald color harmony. He(she) can select harmonious colors among the suggestions from the system.